شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تخریب مراتع از استان آذربایجان شرقی، ایران: از دیدگاه کارشناسان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی به زبان انگلیسی

نویسندگان

اسماعیل روحی

آزاده فلسفیان

گروه مدیریت کشاورزی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2025.92035.1332

چکیده

در استان آذربایجان شرقی با توجه به تعداد دام موجود در عرصه مراتع،‌ فشار چرای دام بیش از 5/2 برابر ظرفیت مراتع می‌باشد. شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تخریب مراتع می­تواند به تدوین سیاست‌های مناسب برای کاهش تخریب آن کمک نماید. بدین منظور، در مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از تکنیک دو مرحله‌ایی دلفی اقدام به شناسایی و اولویت­بندی عوامل نظارتی، طبیعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی، قانونی، اداری و زیرساختی مؤثر بر تخریب مراتع از دیدگاه کارشناسان سازمان­های منابع طبیعی، امور عشایر و جهاد کشاورزی استان گردید. یافته­های مرحله دوم دلفی نشان داد که کارشناسان به‌ترتیب وجود فقر در بین روستائیان حاشیه مراتع (با امتیاز 7/4)، حمایت کم جهاد‌ کشاورزی در تأمین علوفه و تخصیص وام برای دامداران (با امتیاز 53/4)، تبدیل مراتع به زمین­های زراعی و باغی با هدف کسب سود بیشتر (با امتیاز 43/4)، چرای زودرس (با امتیاز 4/4) و چرای طولانی­مدت (با امتیاز 29/4) را به‌عنوان مهم­ترین عوامل تخریب مراتع شناسایی نمودند. براساس نتایج مطالعه، اقدامات جامع قانونی، اجرایی و نظارتی برای جلوگیری از چرای زودرس و بی­رویه از مراتع به‌منظور تغذیه دام به‌عنوان راهکار کلیدی برای کاهش و کنترل تخریب مراتع شناخته شد. در میان عوامل اقتصادی، وجود فقر در بین روستانشینان حاشیه مراتع و وابستگی معیشت آنان به مراتع مهم­ترین عامل تخریب مراتع و جنگل­ها شناخته شده است. همچنین، همکاری با سازمان جهاد کشاورزی در تأمین علوفه جایگزین برای دام، تقویت سازوکارهای نظارتی سازمان‌های ذیربط و افزایش سطح آموزش و آگاهی عمومی در مورد حفاظت از منابع طبیعی به‌عنوان سایر راهکارهای مهم در کاهش سطح تخریب مراتع مورد تأکید قرار گرفت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تخریب مرتع

تکنیک دلفی

چرای بیش از حد

مدیریت پایدار زمین

موضوعات

• اقتصاد منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست

---

عنوان مقاله English

Factors Contributing to Rangeland Degradation in East Azerbaijan, Iran: Experts’ Perspectives

نویسندگان English

E. Rouhi

A. Falsafian

Department of Agricultural Management, Ta. C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده English

Livestock grazing pressure in East Azerbaijan province, located in the northwest of Iran, is 2.5 times higher than the capacity of rangelands. This study employed a two-stage Delphi technique to identify and rank supervisory, natural, economic, cultural, legal, administrative, and infrastructure factors. The second Delphi round results indicated that, from the experts’ point of view, poverty among rural residents on the outskirts of rangelands (scoring 4.7), insufficient support of the Agriculture Organization in providing livestock feed and allocation of loans to livestock farmers (scoring 4.53), conversion of rangelands into agricultural and horticultural lands to gain higher profits (scoring 4.43), overgrazing and long term grazing (scoring 4.4), were the important factors contributing to rangeland degradation. Comprehensive legal, legislative, executive, and monitoring measures to prevent overgrazing and premature grazing were identified as key solutions to reduce rangeland degradation. Among economic factors, poverty among rural residents on the outskirts of rangelands and their livelihood dependence on rangelands were recognized as the most significant factors in the destruction of rangelands and forests. Additionally, collaboration with the Agriculture Organization in providing alternative forage for livestock, strengthening the monitoring mechanisms of relevant organizations, and enhancing education and awareness levels among the public, regarding the protection of natural resources have been highlighted as other important strategies in reducing the level of rangeland degradation.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Delphi technique

Overgrazing

Rangeland degradation

Sustainable land management

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

مراجع

1. Agri-Jihad Organization of East Azerbaijan Province. (2022). Agricultural Statistical Yearbook 2021. Tabriz, Iran.
2. Ahmadi, , Nasiriyani, K.H., & Abazari, P. (2008). Delphi technique: a tool for research. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 8(1), 175-185. (In Persian with English abstract). http://ijme.mui.ac.ir/article-790-1-fa.html
3. Al-Bakri, J.T., Taylor, J.C., & Brewer, T.R. (2001). Monitoring land use change in the Badia transition zone in Jordan using aerial photography and satellite imagery. The Geographical Journal, 167(3), 48–262. https://org/10.1111/1475-4959.00022
4. Amiri Lemar, M. (2012). Socioeconomic factors affecting the degradation of natural resources (Case study: basin 9 of Shafaroud). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(8), 1567-1573. (In Persian with English abstract)
5. Amare, A. (2015). Wildlife resources of Ethiopia: opportunities, challenges and future directions: from ecotourism perspective: a review paper. Natural Resources, 6(6), 405-422. https://doi.org /10.4236/nr.2015.66039
6. Ansari, N., Seyed Akhlaghi Shal, J., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). Determination of socio-economic factors on natural resources degradation of Iran. Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Desert Research, 15(4), 508-524. (In Persian with English abstract)
7. Aryal, S., Maraseni, T.N., & Cockfield, G. (2014). Sustainability of transhumance grazing systems under socio-economic threats in Langtang., Journal of Mountain Science, 11(4), 1023-1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2684-7
8. Belay, S., Amsalu, A., & Abebe, E. (2014). Land use and land cover changes in awash national park, Ethiopia: impact of decentralization on the use and management of resources. Open Journal of Ecology, 4(15), 950–960. https://doi.org/10.4236/ oje.2014.415079
9. Daba, B., & Mammo, S. (2024). Rangeland degradation and management practice in Ethiopia: A systematic review paper. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 23, 100413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2024.100413.
10. Dehghanian, S., & Sarafraz, A. (1998). Investigating the degradation factors of the northern pastures of Khorasan from the economic, social, and ecological point of view. Agricultural Economics and Development, 6(23), 143-157. (In Persian with English abstract)
11. Farajillahi, A., & Ghasemi Aryan, (2020). Explaining the role of economic poverty and social capital of beneficiaries in rangeland degradation (Case study: Rangelands of Bijar protected region). Journal of Rangeland, 14(4), 158-173. (In Persian with English abstract). https://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-956-fa.html
12. Fenetahun, Y., Xinwen, X., & Dong Wang, Y. (2018). Assessment of rangeland management approaches in Yabello: Implication for improved rangeland and pastoralist livelihoods. International Journal of Advanced Research in Botany, 4(3), 16-25. https://doi.org/20431/2455-4316.0403002
13. Flintan, F., Tache, B., & Eid, A. (2011). Rangeland fragmentation in traditional grazing areas and its impact on drought resilience of pastoral communities: lessons from Borana, Oromia and Harshin, Somali Regional States, Ethiopia. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/drought/ docs/.
14. Ghasemi, M., Heidari, Gh., Rastgar, Sh., & Koohestani, N. (2016). Investigating effective socio-economic factors on destruction and low-leveling of rangelands (Case study: Winter rangelands of Joybar-Mazandaran province). Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 4(8), 49-62. (In Persian with English abstract). https://pec.gonbad.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html
15. Gheitouri, M., Ansari, N., Sanadgool, A., & Heshmati, M. (2007). The effective factors of destruction in Kermanshah rangelands. Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Desert Research, 13(4), 314-323. (In Persian with English abstract)
16. Gholampour, Kh., Mahmoudi, J., Ahmadi, K., & Barati, M. (2012). Investigating social and economic factors affecting the destruction of rangelands in the Eshthard area of Karaj County. Journal of Natural Ecosystems of Iran, 3(1), 75-84. (In Persian with English abstract)
17. Gokkus, A. (2020). A review on the factors causing deterioration of rangelands in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science, 1(1), 28-34.
18. Han, J.G., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, C.J., Bai, W.M., Wang, Y.R., Han, G.D., & Li, L.H. (2008). Rangeland degradation and restoration management in China. The Rangeland Journal, 30(2), 233–239. https://org/10.1071/RJ08009
19. Jamshidi, A., & Amini, A. (2013). Evaluation of factors affecting natural resource degradation from the viewpoint of expert’s management of natural resources in Ilam province. Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 1(4), 91-105. (In Persian with English abstract)
20. Kendall, M.G., & Smith, B.B. (1939). The problem of mrankings. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 10(3), 275-287.
21. Malekmohamadi, J., Azimi, M., Barani, H., & Yeganeh, H. (2021). Study and priority winter rangeland degradation via DPSIR conceptual model; case study: Shahrood-Semnan province. Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 9(18), 173-191. (In Persian with English abstract). http://pec.gonbad.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.html
22. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad. (2022). Agriculture Statistics Yearbook. Second Volume, Planning and Economic Affairs, Information and Communication Technology Center, Tehran, Iran.
23. Mirdeilami, Z., & Moradi, E. (2018). Evaluating the efficiency of the rangeland management system over the past half-century. Journal of Rangeland, 11(4), 405-421. (In Persian with English abstract)
24. Mohammadi,, Mousavi, S.A., Kiani, Gh., & Soltani Koupaei, S. (2022). The rangeland users’ willingness to be paid for the reduction of grazing pressure in Bardeh and Karsanak rangelands. Journal of Rangeland, 16(1), 158-173. (In Persian with English abstract)
25. Moradi, E., Heshmati, G., Ghelishlee, F., & Mirdeylami, S.Z. (2016). Analyzing the success and failure of range management plans in Golestan Province. Journal of Rangeland, 9(3), 281-291. (In Persian with English abstract)
26. Moyo, B., Dube, S., & Moyo, P. (2013). Rangeland management and drought coping strategies for livestock farmers in the semi-arid Savanna communal areas of Zimbabwe. Journal of Human Ecology, 44(1), 9-21. https://org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906638
27. Mussa, M., Hashim, H., & Teha, M. (2016). Rangeland degradation: Extent, impacts and alternative restoration techniques in the rangelands of Ethiopia. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 19, 305-318. https://doi.org/56369/tsaes.2234
28. Rouhi, F., Amirnjad, H., Heydari, Q.A., & Qurbani Pashaklai, J. (2012). Investigating the role of social factors of users on the extent of their participation in the implementation of rangeland projects (case study: rangelands of Qaimshahr city). Journal of Rangeland, 4, 474-483. (In Persian with English abstract)
29. Saberi, M. (2021). The root causes of the rangeland destruction using future research approach in Sistan region. Journal of Natural Environment Hazards, 10(28), 171-186. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/22111/jneh.2020.34563.1672
30. Saeedi Geraghani, H., Heydari, G., Barani, H., & Alavi, S.Z. (2014). Effects of grazing management on rangeland condition and forage production under different utilization systems (Case study: Damavand Summer Rangeland in Amol County). Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Desert Research, 21(3), 435-446. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00007.1
31. Saloupour, K., Yazdanipour, D., & Khordali, F. (2018). Investigation of factors affecting the destruction of rangelands in Zanjan province, (A case study of Qezel Tappeh Zone of Zanjan Province). 7^th National Conference on Range and Range Management of Iran, Alborz, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
32. Sharifiyan, A., Barani, H., & Sherafatmand Rad, M. (2018). Assessment and comparison of experts and exploiters viewpoints about effective factors on rangeland degradation (Case study: Aq Qala rangelands). Journal of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources, 7(1), 125-141. htpps//doi.org/22069/ejang.2019.8947.1254
33. Sharifiyan, A., Barani, H., Abedi Sarvestani, H., & Haji Mollahoseini, A. (2014). Identification and comparison of components influencing rangeland exploitation from pastorals and experts’ viewpoints using SWOT and AHP. Journal of Rangeland Science, 4(4), 257–269.
34. Sternberg, T. (2008). Environmental challenges in Mongolia’s dryland pastoral landscape. Journal of Arid Environments, 72(7), 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.12.016
35. Zohdi, M., Khalili, A., Nematpour, A.A., & Masoudi, H. (2004). The effect of a livestock control project on the number of violations by ranchers in rangelands (case study: Damavand County). 3^rd National Conference on Range and Range Management of Iran, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)