تحلیل ناامنی غذایی و ارزش اقتصادی غذا در ایران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محمد قهرمان زاده
• فرناز جعفرزاده
• رقیه فتحی

گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2022.70211.1044

چکیده

تأمین غذا و امنیت غذایی یکی از اهداف مهم توسعه در همه کشورها تلقی می­شود، به­طوری­که کاهش ناامنی غذا برای همه افراد به­عنوان یک هدف مهم سیاسی قلمداد می­گردد. در این راستا، هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی ناامنی غذایی و تعیین ارزش اقتصادی غذا در کشور می­باشد و بدین منظور از تحلیل اقتصاد رفاه چاوز (2017) بهره گرفته شد. در این خصوص با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایده­آل درجه دو (QUAIDS) تقاضای خانوار برای مواد غذایی برآورد گردید و ارزش اقتصادی غذا برای شش گروه عمده مواد غذایی تحت سه سناریو: 1- ناامنی غذایی بالا، 2- ناامنی غذایی متوسط و 3- امنیت غذایی محاسبه گردید. نتایج مؤید آن است که در مجموع ارزش اقتصادی غذا برای یک خانوار شهری در سطح ناامنی غذایی بالا برابر 24192 هزار ریال است در حالی­که تحت سناریو وجود امنیت غذایی برابر با 77046 هزار ریال به دست آمده است. مقایسه ارزش اقتصادی گروه­های مواد غذایی متفاوت تحت سناریو ناامنی غذایی متوسط نسبت به سناریو ناامنی غذایی بالا، حاکی از آن است که ارزش غذا در سناریو دوم حداقل 6/1 برابر بیشتر از سناریو اول بوده و همچنین ارزش اقتصادی گروه­های مواد غذایی منتخب تحت سناریو وجود امنیت غذایی در مقایسه با سناریو وجود ناامنی غذایی بالا، بیانگر آن است که نان و غلات 18/3 برابر، گوشت 29/3 برابر، لبنیات 22/3 برابر، میوه 16/3 برابر، روغن و چربی­ها 94/2 برابر و سبزی 11/3 برابر می­گردد. با توجه به نتایج سناریوهای ناامنی غذایی، ملاحظه گردید که درآمد خانوار عامل اصلی در امنیت غذایی خانوار و کسب منفعت غذایی بوده و بیشترین تأثیر را بر آن دارد، لذا پیشنهاد می­شود دولت در برنامه­های تأمین امنیت غذایی خود، بسترهای لازم جهت بهبود سطح درآمد قشر متوسط و کم درآمد جامعه را در جزء گروه­های هدف اصلی خود قرار دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• ارزش اقتصادی غذا
• اقتصاد رفاه
• سیستم تقاضا
• ناامنی غذایی

20.1001.1.20084722.1401.36.3.7.8

موضوعات

• اقتصاد کشاورزی

عنوان مقاله [English]

On Food Insecurity and the Economic Valuation of Food in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

• M. Ghahremanzadeh
• F. Jafarzadeh
• R. Fathi

Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Food security and food security are considered important development goals in all countries, so that reducing food insecurity is seen as an important political goal for all people. Accessing this goal can be achieved by increasing food supply, improving access to food, and increasing people's purchasing power. But evaluating these programs is challenging. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate food insecurity and determine the economic value of food in the country. For this purpose, the analysis of welfare economics proposed by Chavez (2017) has been used.
 
Materials and Methods
The data and information required in this study include household consumption expenditure for six major food groups: 1- bread and cereals, 2- meats, 3- dairy products, 4- fresh fruits, 5- oils and fats, and 6- fresh vegetables that have been used from the statistics of the raw income-household data questionnaire for 2018. In this study, household demand was estimated using the near-ideal Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) and then the income, compensatory price (Hicks), and non-compensatory elasticities (Marshall) were calculated. Finally, the economic value of food (food benefit) was calculated for the six groups of food under three scenarios: 1- High food insecurity, 2- Moderate food insecurity, and 3- Food security.
 
Results and Discussion
The results of income elasticity calculations showed that the group of bread and cereals, dairy products, oils and fats, and vegetables are among the essential goods and the meat of luxury goods and fruits have the same elasticity According to the results of compensatory price elasticity (Hicks), all negative own-price elasticities are consistent with economic theory and show a negative relationship between the price of each commodity and the demand for that commodity. In all studied groups, own-elasticity is less than one price and therefore they are less elastic concerning their price. A comparison of the own-price elasticity of demand for the studied goods showed that the absolute value of own-price elasticity is higher for dairy products than other goods and less for meat than other goods. In other words, for a one percent increase in the price of dairy products, the demand for it decreases more than other goods. The amount of cross-price elasticity for all food groups in terms of absolute value is less than one. In other words, in most cases, consumers change the demand of another group less by changing the price of one group. After calculating price and cross-price elasticities, the economic value of food (food benefit) of each urban household was calculated in three scenarios: 1- high food insecurity, 2- moderate food insecurity, and 3- food security. The food benefit of each household in the high food insecurity scenario for the group, bread and cereals are 2903.7 (1000Rials), meat 5947.3 (1000Rials), dairy 5601.4 (1000Rials), fruit 5486.1 (1000Rials), oils and fats 1859.2 (1000Rials) and vegetables 2394.3 (1000Rials). In total, the economic value of food for an urban household with a high level of food insecurity is equal to 24192.0 (1000Rials). While for the food security scenario equal to 77046.8 (1000Rials) has been obtained.
 
Conclusion
 A comparison of the economic value of the food groups studied in the moderate food insecurity scenario compared to the high food insecurity scenario indicates that the value of food under the second scenario is at least 1.6 times higher than the first scenario and the economic value of meat in the moderate food insecurity scenario has increased more than other food items and the economic value of oils and fats has increased less than other food items. Also, the economic value of selected food groups in the food security scenario compared to the high food insecurity scenario, indicates that bread and cereals are 3.18 times, meat 3.29 times, dairy products 3.22 times, fruit 3.16 times, Oils and fats are 2.94 times and vegetables are 3.11 times. In this case, the economic value of meat has increased more than other foods and the economic value of oils and fats has increased less than other foods. According to the results of food insecurity scenarios, it was observed that household income is the main factor in household food security and food benefit and has the greatest impact on it. Therefore, it is suggested that the goals of policies in the field of supporting low-income groups are to pave the way for increasing the income of this group.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Economic value of food
• Demand system
• Food insecurity
• Welfare economics

مراجع

1- Akbari, M., Pishbahar, E., & Dashti, Gh. (2020). Identifying the factors affecting food insecurity in Iranian rural households: Application of generalized ordered logit model. Applied Economics Studies, Iran (AESI) 9(35): 91-125. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22084/aes.2020.21656.3058.

2- Arzrum Chiller, N. (2005). Various dimensions of poverty in Iran. Trend of Economic Research 27: 12-26. (In Persian)

3- Broussard, N. 2019. What explains gender differences in food insecurity? Food Policy 83: 180-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.01.003.

4- Barrett, C.B. (2010). Measuring food insecurity. 825–828.

5- Biniaz, A., & Mohamadi, H. (2018). The effect of agriculture trade openness on food security in Iran (ARDL Approach). Journal of Agricultural Economics Research 10(38): 81-104. (In Persian). https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20086407.1397.10.38.6.8.

6- Chavas, J.P. (2017). On food security and the economic valuation of food. Food Policy 69: 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.03.008.

7- Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (2020). Available at https://www.cbi.ir. (In Persian)

8- Deaton, A.S., & Muellbar, J. (1980). Economics and consumer behavior American. Journal of Agricultural 32: 246-260.

9- Deaton, A. (1992). Understanding consumption. Clarendon press, Oxford.

10- Eesapareh, K. (2016). Evaluation of household food insecurity in the rural areas of Dezful city. M.Sc. Thesis. Khouzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University.

11- Gao, G. (2012). World food demand. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 94: 25–51.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar133.

12- Giwa, F., & Choga, I. (2020). The impact of food price changes and food insecurity on economic welfare: A case of selected Southern African countries. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 9: 77-93. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2020.09.08.

13- Hosoe, N. (2016). The double dividend of agricultural trade liberalization: Consistency between national food security and gains from trade. Journal of Asian Economics 43: 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2016.02.001.

14- Hosseinzad, J., Sohrabi Athar, F., Dashti, Gh., & Ghahremenzadeh, M. (2014). Analyzing food demand in Iran: Application of demand system models. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 45(3): 545-554. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2014.53171.

15- Islamic Republic of Iran Customs. (2020). Yearbook of import and export. Available at www.irica.gov.ir. (In Persian)      

16- Ministry of Agri-Jihad of Iran. (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture. (In Persian)

17- Jafari Sani, M., & Bakhshoudeh, M. (2008). Investigating poverty and food insecurity distribution over space in rural and urban areas of Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 1(61): 103-123.

18- Kouhi, K. (2021). Study of the role of demographic variables in food insecurity on Tabriz households. Journal of Economics and Developmental Sociology, 10 (1): 215-240. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/jeds.2021.42749.1474.

19- Khalili Malakshah, S., Ghahremanzadeh, M., & Pishbahar, E. (2020). Effect of household characteristics on food demand of Iranian rural and urban households. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research 12(48): 23-55. (In Persian). https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20086407.1399.12.48.2.8.

20- Kalhori, S., Ansari, V., Taheri Reykandeh, E., & Mohammadian, F. (2016). Relative assessment of Iran's food security situation in the Mena region. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics 10(4): 157-176. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/iaes.2017.22862.

21- Luenberger, D.G. (1996). Welfare from a benefit viewpoint. Economics Theory 7: 445–462.

22- Li, N., Dachner, N., & Tarasuk, V. (2016). The impact of changes in social policies on household food insecurity in British Columbia, 2005–2012. Preventive Medicine 93: 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.002.

23- Layani, G., & Esmaeili, A. (2015). Evaluation of urban households’ vulnerability to rising prices of foods imports in Iran. Agricultural Economics Research 7(3): 109-127. (In Persian). https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20086407.1394.7.27.7.6.

24- Mehrabi, H., & Owhadi, A. (2014). Investigation of effective factors on food security in Iran. Agricultural Economics 8: 111-121. (In Persian)

25- Mohammadpour Koldeh, M., Fouladvand, M.A., & Avakh Keysami, M. (2011). Food insecurity as a risk factor for obesity in low-income Boushehrian wome. Iranian South Medical 13(4): 263-272. (In Persian)

26- Nikseresht, A. (2018). Survey on food security of female headed households. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Humanities. Department of Economics. University of Zanjan. (In Persian)

27- Neter, J.E, Dijkstra, S.C. Visser, M., & Brouwer, I.A. (2014). Food insecurity among Dutch food bank recipients: a cross-sectional study: BMJ Open 4(5): e004657. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004657.

28- Rahbar, F., & Mobini Dehkordi, A. (2005). New approach to food security strategy: A food stable supply prospect. Journal of Sustainable Growth and Development 4(14): 1-18. (In Persian)

29- Regmi, A., & Meade, B. (2013). Demand side drivers of global food security. Global Food Security 2(3): 166-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.08.001.

30- Rezaei, H. (2020). To study the prevalence of food insecurity and its relationship with social support among retired elderly employees of Mashhad Social Security Organization. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Welfare. (In Persian)

31- Seale, J., Regmi, A., & Bernstein, J. (2003). International evidence on food consumption patterns. USDA, ERS, Technical Bulletin Number 1904, Washington, D.C.

32- Sen, A. (1981). Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Clarendon press, Oxford.

33- Sisha, A.T. (2020). Household level food insecurity assessment: Evidence from panel data, Ethiopia. Scientific Africane 00262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00262.

34- Statistical Centre of Iran. (2020). The cost and income of households, Available at: https://www.amar.org.ir. (in Persian)

35- Varahrami, V., Hoshmand, Z., & Yousefi Haji Abad, R. (2016). Estimating the food price and income elasticities in Tehran urban households. Journal of Economic Modelling 4(32): 103-122. (In Persian)

36- Webb, P., Coates, J., Frongillo, E.A., Rogers, B.L., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2006). Measuring household food insecurity: Why it’s so important and yet so difficult to do. Journal of Nutrition 136(5): 1404–1408. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1404S.

37- Ziaei, S.M., Shirani, F., Eshraghi, F., & Keramatzade, A. (2013). Application of nonfood coping strategies in assessing in food security in rural areas of Gorgan. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research 3(97): 83-97. (In Persian)

38- Zakari, S., Ying, L., & Song, B. (2014). Factors influencing household food security in West Africa: The case of Southern Niger. Sustainability 6(3): 1191-1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6031191.