بررسی عوامل اجتماعی- اقتصادی مؤثر بر مشارکت زنان روستایی در ایجاد مشاغل خانگی در استان کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• پوریا عطائی ¹
• وحید علی آبادی ²
• موسی اعظمی ²

¹ گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

² گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان، همدان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2021.17745.0

چکیده

مشاغل خانگی یکی از راه­های دستیابی جوامع روستایی به توسعه پایدار بوده است و زنان روستایی نقش مهمی در اقتصاد خانوار دارند. این تحقیق توصیفی- پیمایشی با هدف کلی بررسی تفکیک سطوح مشارکت زنان روستایی در ایجاد مشاغل خانگی بر اساس متغیرهای اجتماعی- اقتصادی انجام گردید. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را زنان خانوارهای مرکز دهستان فش شهرستان کنگاور، استان کرمانشاه که اقدام به گرفتن وام­های مشاغل خانگی کرده بودند، تشکیل دادند (168N= ). در این تحقیق برای انتخاب نمونه­ها از روش تمام­شماری استفاده گردید. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها در این تحقیق پرسشنامه بود. روایی صوری ابزار تحقیق توسط پانلی از متخصصین مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. برای تأیید پایایی پرسشنامه یک مطالعه راهنما و تکمیل 30 پرسشنامه و تعیین آلفای کرونباخ صورت پذیرفت. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ به‌دست‌آمده، بین 86/0-81/0 بود. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده­ها از مدل لاجیت استفاده گردید. داده­های به‌دست‌آمده با استفاده از نرم­افزارهای SPSS₂₂ و R مورد تجزیه­وتحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته­ها نشان دادند که از بین متغیرهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی به ترتیب پایگاه اجتماعی، منزلت اجتماعی و میزان درآمد قدرت بالایی در تفکیک سطوح مشارکت زنان در مشاغل خانگی داشتند. پیشنهاد می­شود در راستای آشنایی و تشویق زنان روستایی به مشارکت در مشاغل خانگی نسبت به تهیه برنامه­های آموزشی هدفمند در جهت بهبود کسب­وکارهای زنان روستایی و آشناسازی آنان با بازارها اقدام نمایند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• توسعه روستایی
• زنان روستایی
• مشارکت زنان روستایی
• مشاغل خانگی

20.1001.1.20084722.1400.35.3.1.5

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of Socio-economic Factors Affecting the Participation of Rural Women in Creating Indoor Jobs in Kermanshah Province

نویسندگان [English]

• P. Ataei ¹
• V. Aliabadi ²
• M. Aazami ²

¹ Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Hamedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: The role of rural women in the process of economic development has been a growing concern of economists, planners, and the governments. The potentials of rural women as economic actors are not yet fully analyzed and yet there has not been adequate attention to the way gender affects rural women’s participation in economic development. Many projects for productivity increase in agriculture and rural development could not be realized or the outcome might have been different, if women had been involved in the process. Projects for family planning, the spread of literacy and basic health care cannot be achieved without recognition of the importance of the role of women. In the rural areas many poor families depend upon the income of women, who contribute significant amount of cash income to the subsistence level of economy. Always, indoor jobs are one way to achieve sustainable development in rural communities and rural women have a main role in the household economyy. The aim of this descriptive-survey research was to find out discrimination level of rural women participation in the indoor Jobs creation based on socio-economic aspects. Existing structures of decision-making in most developing countries cannot adequately represent women’s issues; their work and potentials for development have been neglected. The situation calls for structural change. Women’s full involvement in the formulation of programs would affect their lives. Access to and control of development resources need to be supported by organizations of the rural women themselves. Participation through local level organizations are critical for an empowering process, and which can provide access to resources for self-sustained development.
Materials and Methods: This research is a quantitative study, non-experimental type and, an applied research, in terms of nature, the extent of controlling variables, and objective. Survey design was applied to achieve research objectives. The research population were included rural women of Fash district, Kangavar County, Kermanshah province that had to take out a loan for indoor job (N= 168). In this study census method was used. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Five-point Likert-type response scale (from very low= 1 to very high= 5) was used to measure research variables. Questionnaires’ face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Pilot test was performed to evaluate its reliability that Cronbach's alpha was between 0.81-0.86. Analyzing data was done by SPSS₂₃ and R tools.
Results and Discussion: The analysis of rural women’s demographic characteristics showed that most rural women were between the ages of 20 and 35 years. 23% of women were bachelor or higher. Thus, 52 percent of literate women were literate or illiterate. 33 percent of women were active in home businesses and marketed their products. In contrast, 67 percent of women did not participate in indoor jobs. To investigate the research hypotheses, women's participation score was divided into two levels named participation and non-participation based on the mean of the sample. Ordinal logistic regression was used for data processing using R software. Finding indicated that among the variables of the social and economic aspects, social status and income levels were highly discriminating the participation of rural women in indoor Jobs.
Conclusion: It can concluded that promoting women's participation in social, economic and planning activities in order to expand their participation, especially in the economic field, is a prerequisite for sustainable development. This is particularly needed in rural areas where women have long been traditionally involved in family economic affairs. Also, it can concluded that various factors influence the participation level of rural women in the indoor jobs creation. In other words, interaction among socio-economic components can determine participation level of rural women. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that if the conditions and demands of rural women are provided, family businesses in rural areas can be organized as cooperatives. In order to familiarize and encourage rural women to participate in indoor business, targeted training programs to improve rural women's businesses should be provided to familiarize them with markets. In addition, the support provided by officials by providing the facilities needed to set up home businesses such as loans and banking facilities can help develop the industry in rural areas. Finally, development of entrepreneurial and self-employment culture in rural society by empowering entrepreneurs can impact the social status of rural women and promote home businesses.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Household jobs
• Rural women' s participation
• Rural women
• Rural development

مراجع

1. Aazami M., Ataei P., Aliabadi V., and Mousivand M. 2016. Assessment of Psychological Empowerment Components on the Women's Participation in Community-Based Organizations: Structural Equation Usage. Scientific Journal Management System 7(25): 143-162. (In Persian with English abstract)
2. Abakah E. 2018. Participation without a voice? Rural women’s experiences and participation in local governance activities in the Abura–Asebu–Kwamankese district of Ghana. Cogent Social Sciences 4(1): 154-168.
3. Abu Samah A., Ahmad N., and Ndas Ndaeji M. 2013. Rural Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in Nigeria: The Role of Participation and Volunteerism. Life Science Journal 10(4): 744-754.
4. Agahi H., Mirakzadeh A.A., and Taghi Beigi M. 2012. Prioritization of Effective Factors in the Development of Household Jobs in West Islamabad. Scientific Journal Management System 3(11): 181-202. (In Persian with English abstract)
5. Akkas Z. 2014. Women's Participation in Communal Activities in Rural Bangladesh. Local Government Studies 40(4): 495-517.
6. Alami Neisi M. 2015. Meta-analysis of empirical studies on the impact of household size on the professional success of women in different countries. Women's Strategic Studies 17(67): 205-270. (In Persian with English abstract)
7. Anthopoulou T. 2010. Rural women in local agro food production: Between entrepreneurial initiatives and family strategies: A case study in Greece. Journal of Rural Studies 26(4): 394-403.
8. Arnold M.E., Jana L., Meinhold T.S., and Ashton C. 2007. The Motivation for and Developmental Benefits of Youth Participation in County 4-HFairs: A Pilot Study. Journal of Extension 45(6).
9. Ataei P., and Zamani Miandashti N. 2012. The Role of Women's Cooperatives in Empowerment of their Members. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 42-2(3): 433-444. (In Persian with English abstract)
10. Barghi H., Tagdisi A., Taziki R., and Naderkhani Z. 2014. Investigating Rural women's Participation in Agricultural Activities (case of Northern Astarabad villages of Gorgan). Spatial Planning 3(4): 155-174. (In Persian with English abstract)
11. Barimani F., Bazrafshan J., and Shafiei B. 2015. The Effect of Social Base in Rural Administrators Performance (Case Study: Hassan Abad District of Eslamabad-e- Gharb. Scientific Journal Management System 5(19): 163-172. (In Persian with English abstract)
12. Bhoj S., Bardhan D., and Kumar A. 2013. Determinants and implications of rural women's participation in microfinance programme: An analysis of dairy self-help groups in Uttarakhand State of India. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(10).
13. Bohatova Z., and Schwarcz P. 2016. Evaluation of support for non-agricultural activities in Slovakia in the period 2007-2013 through the rural development programme 2007-2013. Journal of Central European Agriculture 17(2): 467-476.
14. Boncinelli F., Bartolini F., Casini L., and Brunori G. 2017. On farm non-agricultural activities: geographical determinants of diversification and intensification strategy. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 10(1): 17-29.
15. Chmielinski P. 2007. The impact of the CAP on the development of rural entrepreneurship in Poland. Zemes Ukio Mokslai 14: 35-40.
16. Damisa M.A., and Yohanna M. 2007. Role of rural women in farm management decision making process. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(4): 543-546.
17. Demir N., Aksoy A., Atsan T., and Demir O. 2016. Determining the Levels of Participation of Women Living in Rural Areas in Training Activities on Women’s Rights: Case of Turkey. The Anthropologist 24(2): 611-616.
18. Djoumessi Y.F., Kamdem C.B., and Ndeffo Nembot L. 2020. Moving off Agrarian Societies: Agricultural Productivity to Facilitate Economic Transformations and Non-agricultural Employment Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of International Development 32(3): 324-341.
19. Fathi S., and Mirzapouri J. 2016. The Effect of Socio-economic base on Social Participation (Case of Study: The Youth in Babol City). Sociological Studies of Youth Journal 7(22): 87-100. (In Persian with English abstract)
20. Fazelnia G., and Hashemi R. 2015. Analysis of Socio – Cultural Inhibitory Beliefs of Rural Women's Participation in Planning and Management Process of Rural Development (Case Study: The City of Rustam). Scientific Journal Management System 6(21): 41-66. (In Persian with English abstract)
21. Fu Z., Mei L., Liu Y., Tian J., Zheng R., and Tian J. 2020. Spatial Pattern of Female Non-agricultural Employment and Its Driving Forces in Guangdong Province, China: A Perspective of Individual and Family-level. Chinese Geographical Science 30(4): 725-735.
22. Ghadiri Masom M., Bagheyani H., Ghaneyan M., and GhadiriMasom M. 2012. Barriers Identified for rural Women Participation in Samaleh and Salie-e Villages of Khuzestan in Development Programs. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning 7(20): 1-15. (In Persian with English abstract)
23. Gholabi S., Ebrahimi M.S., and Alibeigi A.H. 2014. Analysis of rural women's participation in cooperatives city Falavarjan application Sherry arnstien's Ladder Participation. Scientific Journal Management System 4(16): 21-44. (In Persian with English abstract)
24. González-Corzo M.A. 2020. Entrepreneurship in post-Soviet Cuba: self-employed workers and non-agricultural cooperatives. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 41(2): 197-226.
25. Grabe S., and Dutt A. 2019. Community intervention in the societal inequity of women’s political participation: The development of efficacy and citizen participation in rural Nicaragua. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 1-19.
26. Heidari A. 2013. The study of cooperation rate of women village in village development (case study: Emamzadeh-jafar Rural District -Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province). Spatial Planning 3(2): 143-156. (In Persian with English abstract)
27. Hoque M., and Itohara Y. 2008. Participation and decision making role of rural women in economic activities: A comparativestudy for members and non-members of the micro-credit organizations in Bangladesh. Journal of Social Sciences 4(3): 229-236.
28. Karim K.M.R., and Law C.K. 2013. Gender ideology, microcredit participation and women's status in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 33(1): 45-62.
29. Ketabi M., Yazdkhasti B., and Farokhi Rastabi Z. 2005. Preconditions and Barriers to Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Women in Isfahan. Applied Sociology 19: 1-20. (In Persian with English abstract)
30. Khandker R.S. 2006. Determinants of womens time allocatio-n in RuralBangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change 5: 240-265.
31. Khani F., and Ahmadi M. 2009. A study on the effects of women’s participation in the economic and social decision makings in rural areas case study: Chiar –Yamchi of Zanjan district. Women in Development & Politics 7(4): 95-114. (In Persian with English abstract)
32. Khani F., and Chubchian S. 2012. Gender relations in Rural Spaces and its Effects on Women’s participation, a Comparative Study on Moreedan Rural District of Langerud City in Gilan Province and Rural District of Hooly from Paveh city in Kermanshah Province. Journal of Rural Research 3(11): 113-137. (In Persian with English abstract)
33. Liao T.F. 1994. Interpreting Probability Models: Logit, Probit, and Other Generalized Linear Models (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Sage Publications, Inc.
34. Lyndon N., Er A.C., Selvadurai S., Mohd Fuad M.J., Junaidi A.B., Rosniza A.C.R., and Rahim M.H.A. 2012. Constructs of economic participation of rural native men and women. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8(8): 4103-4112.
35. Mahmoudlou F. 2014. Investigating the Role of Women in the Development of Rural Areas (Case Study of Namin City) (MSc), Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University. (In Persian with English abstract)
36. Majumdar K. 2020. Rural Transformation in India: Deagrarianization and the Transition from a Farming to Non-farming Economy. Journal of Developing Societies 36(2): 182-205.
37. Ministry of Agriculture. 2019. Agricultural Statistics. Deputy of Planning and Economy, Vol. II. (In Persian)
38. Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare. 2020. Household Jobs Accreditation Report. Secretariat of the Household Jobs Organization and Support Headquarters. (In Persian)
39. Mirakzadeh A.A., Aliabadi V., and Shams A. 2010. A Study of Barriers to Participation of Rural Women in Educational and Extension Programs. Rural and Development 13(2): 147-165. (In Persian with English abstract)
40. Mirakzadeh A., khaledi E., and gholami M. 2017. Investigation of Effective factors and barriers on Development of non-agricultural activities with emphasis on home jobs (Case: Ghory Ghale Village). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 48(3): 533-545. (In Persian with English abstract)
41. Mirlotfi M., Bandani M., and Shahraki S. 2013. The role of the hidden work of women in rural household welfare (Case study: Rural women in Hamoon city). Spatial Planning 3(3): 49-68. (In Persian with English abstract)
42. Nazir S., Khan I.A., Shabaz B., and Anjum F. 2013. Rural women's participation and constraints in agricultural activities: A case study of district Nankana Sahib, Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 50(2): 317-322.
43. Noori S.H., and Ali Mohamadi N. 2009. An analysis of rural women economical activities (case study: Baraan region_ Isfahan city). Geography and Environmental Planning 20(2): 87-104. (In Persian with English abstract)
44. Nouroozi D.F., and Bakhtiari M. 2010. Social Participation and Its Determining Factors. Rahbord Journal 53(53): 249-253. (In Persian with English abstract)
45. Pinquart M., and Schindler I. 2007. Changes of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: A latent class approach. Journal of Psychology & Aging 22(4): 442–455.
46. Ponpunthin N. 2020. Factors affecting saving adequacy of Thai non-agricultural workers. Southeast Asian Journal of Economics 8(2): 109-127.
47. Potter J. 2008. Entrepreneurship and Higher Education. Paris: OECD-Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED).
48. Rezapour Z., and Ansari H. 2015. Investigating and studying the extent of women's participation in family decision-making in Bojnourd city and the factors affecting it. Woman and Family Studies 7(28): 35-56. (In Persian with English abstract)
49. Rice J.C. 1994. Logistic regression: An introduction. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advances in social science methodology (Vol. 3, pp. 3-28). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
50. Richard E., and Wiliam P. B. 2009. Labor force participation of women in rural and urban China. Rural Sociology 56(1): 1-21.
51. Roosta K., Tajrizi E., and Zamanipur A. 2010. A Study on Factors Affecting the Participation Rural Women in Production Cooperatives. Co-Operation and Agriculture 21(2): 91-111. (In Persian with English abstract)
52. Salvioni C., Henke R., and Vanni F. 2020. The impact of non-agricultural diversification on financial performance: Evidence from family farms in Italy. Sustainability (Switzerland) 12(2).
53. Sanderson M.R., Bergtold J.S., Heier Stamm J.L., Caldas M.M., Ramsey S.M., and Aistrup J. 2018. Climate change beliefs in an agricultural context: what is the role of values held by farming and non-farming groups? Climatic Change 150(3-4): 259-272.
54. Shames-El-Din M.S., Yutaka T., Kim J., Wang Z.G., and Kai S. 2000. The role of women in promoting small industries as an example of socio-economic activities: An overview on the Japanese experience. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushin University 45(1): 335-347.
55. Sharifzadeh A., Khajeh Shahkohi A., Abdollahzadeh G., and Sharifi M. 2014. Diagnosing Development of Rural Family Enterprises in Golestan Province. Journal of Rural Research 5(1): 1-24. (In Persian with English abstract)
56. Simioni F.J., Hoff D.N., and Da Silva C. 2016. Diversification and non-agricultural activities as income alternatives in family farm: A case study in the painel/SC. Revista Brasileira de Gestao e Desenvolvimento Regional 12(2): 185-207.
57. Stathopoulou S., Psaltopoulos D., and Skuras D. 2004. Rural entrepreneurship in Europe: A research framework and agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 10(9): 404-425.
58. Smith T.J. 2005. Ethnic and Gender Differences in Community Service Participation among Working Adults. Journal of Extension 43(2).
59. Tanwir M., and Safdar T. 2013. The rural woman's constraints to participation in rural organizations. Journal of International Women's Studies 14(3): 210-229.
60. Tipple G. 2006. Employment and work conditions in home based enterprises in four developing. Countries, Work Employment and Society 20(1): 165-185.
61. Uduji J.I., and Okolo-Obasi E.N. 2018. Young rural women’s participation in the e-wallet programme and usage intensity of modern agricultural inputs in Nigeria. Gender, Technology and Development 22(1): 59-81.
62. Verma C., and Rao P.S.S. 2014. Determinants of rural women's participation in India’s National Leprosy Eradication Programme. Indian Journal of Leprosy 86(3): 105-110.
63. Walter P. 2006. Introduction to the Special Issue toward Building Women’s Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice. Paris: OEC.
64. Wang Z., and Dai W. 2013. Women's Participation in Rural China's Self-Governance: Institutional, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Factors in a Jiangsu County. Governance 26(1): 91-118.
65. Wang J., Xin L., and Wang Y. 2020. How farmers’ non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China? Journal of Geographical Sciences 30(3): 378-400.
66. Yaghoubi Farani A., Vahdat Moaddab H., and Latifi S. 2014. Identifying Inhibitions of Rural Women’s Trend to Home Businesses (Case Study: Sardrod district, Razan county). Women in Development & Politics 11(4): 559-574. (In Persian with English abstract)
67. Yang L. 2012. Empowered or disempowered? Women's participation in a development project in rural China. Asian Journal of Women's Studies 18(3): 38-67.
68. 2017. Chapter 7 - Women's Participation in a Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project: A Case Study in Jorong Kampung Baru, Nagari Gantung Ciri, Kubung Subdistrict, Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia. In R. Febriamansyah, Yonariza, R. Ullah, & G. P. Shivakoti (Eds.), Redefining Diversity & Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 4 (pp. 89-102): Elsevier.
69. Zamani Miandashti N., Ataei P., and Izadi N. 2013. Investigation of Empowerment Levels and Rate among Members of the Women’s Rural Association (A Case Study of the Tafihan Women’s Association, Shiraz County). Women in Development & Politics 10(4): 153-172. (In Persian with English abstract)