طراحی الگوی توسعه کشت گیاهان دارویی در دیمزارهای استان مازندران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فاطمه شفیعی
• امید جمشیدی

گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2025.93298.1350

چکیده

امروزه گیاهان دارویی نقش حیاتی در سلامت، ایجاد اشتغال و توسعه اقتصادی دارند. علی رغم توجه به کشت گیاهان دارویی در دیمزارهای استان مازندران در سال‌های اخیر و توجه به اصول کشاورزی پایدار و به تبع آن ایجاد ارزش افزوده و اشتغال در جوامع روستایی و کاهش مهاجرت، توسعه و ترویج کشت این گیاهان و اشتغال در این حوزه با مشکلاتی مواجه است. در عین حال، یکی از نقش‌ها و وظایف تخصصی استان در بخش کشاورزی، زراعت گیاهان دارویی در نواحی شرقی و میانی است. از طرفی، مطالعات محدودی در خصوص توسعه کشت گیاهان دارویی در دیمزارها و اصلاح الگوی کشت انجام شده است. در این پژوهش به‌منظور رسیدن به الگوی توسعة کشت گیاهان دارویی در دیمزارهای استان مازندران از نظریه داده بنیاد استفاده شده است. گردآوری داده‌ها از راه مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه ساختارمند بود و جامعه مورد مطالعه 16 نفر از متخصصان و کارشناسان و کشاورزان پیشرو در حوزه گیاهان دارویی استان مازندران بودند که با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور دستیابی به اهداف پژوهش، از فرآیند تحلیل محتوای متعارف سه مرحله‌ای استفاده شد و داده‌ها ابا استفاده از نرم‌افزار MAXQDA_V24.4.1 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. به‌منظور دستیابی به روایی و پایایی از روش مرور و بازبینی متن مصاحبه‌ها توسط مصاحبه‌شوندگان و مثلث‌بندی استفاده شد. الگوی به‌دست آمده از پژوهش، شرایط علی (نقش کشت گیاهان دارویی در اشتغال، ارزش افزوده و بهبود اقتصاد کشاورزی در دیمزارها)، شرایط زمینه‌ای (شرایط اکولوژیکی و ظرفیت دیمزارها برای توسعه گیاهان دارویی، چالش های بازار و تجارت)، شرایط مداخله‌گر (انتخاب و کشت گونه‌های سازگار با اکوسیستم دیمزارها و حمایت‌های مالی و نهادی از کشاورزان در کشت گیاهان دارویی)، راهبردها (توانمندسازی کشاورزان و ترویج کشت پایدار، مکانیزاسیون، تسهیلات و حمایت از کشاورزان و خرید تضمینی و ایجاد بازار پایدار برای گیاهان دارویی) و پیامدها (توسعه اشتغال پایدار و بهره‌گیری از نیروی انسانی متخصص و کمک به بهبود وضعیت اقتصادی جوامع روستایی و بهره‌برداران) را به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین مؤلفه‌های اصلی توسعه کشت گیاهان دارویی در دیمزارهای استان مازندران نشان داده است. بنابراین، توسعه کشت گیاهان دارویی در دیمزارهای مازندران مستلزم ارتقای آموزش و ترویج، به‌کارگیری الگوهای کشت پایدار، افزایش سطح مکانیزاسیون، تأمین منابع مالی و حمایت از صنایع تبدیلی است. همچنین، ایجاد بازارهای پایدار از طریق خرید تضمینی و اجرای مدل‌های الگویی می‌تواند انگیزه کشاورزان را افزایش دهد و ریسک تولید را کاهش دهد. بر این اساس، تدوین سیاست‌های منطقه‌ای برای بهبود زیرساخت‌ها و مدیریت منابع آب، به‌عنوان اقدامی راهبردی توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بازاریابی
• ترویج و آموزش کشت گیاهان دارویی
• صنایع تبدیلی و تکمیلی
• کشاورزی پایدار
• کشت دیم

موضوعات

• توسعه کشاورزی و روستایی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Designing a Model for Developing Medicinal Plants Cultivation in Mazandaran Province Drylands of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

• F. Shafiee
• O. Jamshidi

Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Medicinal plants, as a group of plants originating from natural resources and possessing therapeutic properties, play a remarkable role in health, employment, and economic development of the human being. The cultivation of medicinal plants has garnered significant attention in recent years in the Mazandaran Province, particularly in rain-fed farmlands. These cultivations could generate considerable added value within the sustainable agriculture framework, increase farmers' income, and, as a result, mitigate rural-to-urban migration. Nevertheless, despite efforts to develop these cultivations, various challenges still exist in their sustainable development pathway.
 
Materials and Methods
This study aimed to identify the development pattern of medicinal plant' cultivation in the rain-fed farmlands of Mazandaran Province. To do so, the grounded theory was employed for data analysis. The study population comprised 16 experts, specialists, and pioneering farmers who were actively working in the medicinal plants' field of Mazandaran province and were selected through a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDAV24.4.1 software. A three-stage conventional content analysis process, including open, axial, and selective coding, was utilized to recognize the relationships between components and factors that influenced the development of these cultivations. According to the findings, five main components influencing the development of medicinal plant cultivation were detected in the rain-fed farmlands of Mazandaran Province.
 
Results and Discussion
The first and most important detected component was "the causal conditions' component", which included the following subcategories: the role of medicinal plants’ cultivation in employment, added value, the improvement of agricultural economics in the rain-fed farmlands, production management and expansion of processing companies active in the medicinal plants’ value chain, and finally focusing on cultivation of sustainable, industrial, and high-demand medicinal species. Farmers require accurate information and technical support for the successful cultivation of medicinal plants, which should be provided by governmental and private institutions. The second obtained component was named the contextual conditions' component", which was primarily attributed to the following subcategories: market challenges, ecological and environmental capacities of the rain-fed farmlands used for medicinal plants' cultivation, climatic capacities, suitable lands of the province, and weaknesses in processing and supplementary industries. Mazandaran Province has extraordinary potential for cultivating various medicinal plants because of its climatic diversity and suitable soils. Furthermore, noticeable market opportunities for medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical and food industries, would motivate farmers to grow larger amounts of them on their farms. The third component was called "intervening conditions, which was predominantly attributed to the following subcategories: selecting compatible plant species with the region's ecosystem, the necessity of farmers' financial and institutional support, difficulties in trading medicinal plants, and eventually structural and planning challenges. The lack of advanced processing industries and weaknesses in the marketing of medicinal plants are among the distinguished bottlenecks preventing farmers from exploiting these plants. The fourth component was determined as the strategies' component", which included the following subcategories: empowering farmers, education and extension of sustainable cultivation, utilizing mechanization in agriculture, providing financial facilities, supporting farmers through guaranteed purchases, and modelling and showcasing medicinal plant cultivation in the model sites and pilot projects. The use of modern agricultural techniques and continuous training of farmers can reinforce the cultivation of medicinal plants. Furthermore, financial support and improved access to financial resources, particularly for small- and medium-sized farmers, are indispensable. The fifth component was identified as "the consequences' component", which referred to the following subcategories: improving sustainable employment, utilizing specialized human resources, and developing the economic situation of rural communities. Developing medicinal plant cultivation could lead to employment generation in various sectors, including the production, processing, and marketing of medicinal plants, and could improve farmers' livelihoods and reduce their migration rates.
 
Conclusion
Based on these findings, a comprehensive and multifaceted approach is necessary for the sustainable development of medicinal plant cultivation in the rain-fed farmlands of Mazandaran Province. In addition, strengthening infrastructure and processing industries, financial support, and required facilities should be considered by both the government and private sectors. Developing stable markets through guaranteed purchases and establishing strong supply chains can effectively reduce production risks. Education and extension of sustainable agriculture, and adoption of modern technologies are also crucial factors that are compulsory for the success of these cultivations. Ultimately, considering the favorable ecological conditions and existing potential of Mazandaran Province, the development of medicinal plant cultivation can be regarded as a suitable solution for the economic and social development of this province.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Dryland farming
• Extension and education in medicinal plants' cultivation
• Marketing
• Processing and added value of agricultural products
• Sustainable agriculture

©2025 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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