نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی به زبان انگلیسی
نویسندگان
1 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران
2 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان ، سنندج، ایران
چکیده
صنعت پرورش مرغ گوشتی از مهمترین زیر بخش‌های کشاورزی در ایران و استان کردستان است. در استان کردستان، تعداد واحد‌های پرورش مرغ گوشتی فعال 716 واحد میباشد و در سال‌های اخیر (از سال 1398 تا حالا) تعداد این واحدها 5 درصد رشد داشته است. با وجود اهمیت بالای این صنعت، تا زمان تدوین این مقاله، حتی یک پژوهش علمی در مورد محاسبه شاخص های مزیت نسبی و توان رقابتی تولید مرغ گوشتی در استان کردستان انجام نشده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر برآورد و بررسی شاخصهای مزیت نسبی، شاخصهای حمایت دولت و توان رقابت داخلی و صادراتی تولید گوشت مرغ در استان کردستان در سال 1402 با استفاده از الگوی ماتریس تحلیل سیاستی میباشد. نتایج حاصل از برآورد شاخصهای مزیت نسبی شامل نسبت هزینه منابع داخلی و نسبت منفعت به هزینه اجتماعی حاکی از وجود مزیت نسبی برای تولید این محصول در استان کردستان در همه ظرفیت‌های تولید میباشد. نتایج حاصل از شاخص حمایت اسمی از محصول نشان داد که قیمت بازاری گوشت مرغ زنده در کشور پایین‌تر از قیمت سایه‌ای آن است و به عبارت دیگر از تولید کننده مالیات غیرمستقیم قیمتی اخذ شده است. نتایج محاسبه شاخص حمایت اسمی از نهاده نیز بیانگر آن است که قیمت سایه‌ای نهاده‌ها بیشتر از قیمت بازاری آن‌ها بوده است و یارانه غیرمستقیم به نهادههای مرغداری‌ها پرداخت شده است. نتایج برآورد شاخص حمایت مؤثر که برآیند حمایت اسمی محصول و حمایت اسمی نهاده‌ها را نشان می دهد، حاکی است که دولت در مجموع از تولید مرغ گوشتی در استان کردستان حمایت مؤثر کرده است. شاخصهای توان رقابتی نیز برای محصول یاد شده بیانگر توانایی رقابت این محصول چه در سطح داخلی و چه در سطح بین‌الملل میباشد. به عبارت دیگر، حتی چنانچه دولت حمایت یارانه‌ای از نهاده‌ها را حذف کند، به شرطی که همزمان سرکوب قیمت محصول را نیز بردارد و تعیین قیمت را به بازار واگذار کند، تولید مرغ گوشتی در استان کردستان توان رقابتی لازم برای حضور در باز جهانی و بویژه بازار کشور دارای مرز مشترک با استان کردستان یعنی عراق را دارد. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، پیشنهاد می‌گردد به جای سیاست‌های مداخله گرانه در بازار محصول و نهادههای تولید مرغ گوشتی، به فراهم آوردن زیرساخت‌های بازار شفاف و رقابتی در تولید این محصول اولویت داده شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Assessing the Competitiveness and Policy Impact on Broiler Production in Kurdistan Province, Iran: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach
نویسندگان [English]
- Mahmood Haji Rahimi 1
- Parisa Alizadeh 2
- Fereshteh Sharifi 2
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj Iran
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
The broiler industry holds a prominent position in Iran’s agricultural landscape, particularly within Kurdistan Province. As a key contributor to the national economy, this sector has drawn significant attention from policymakers aiming to bolster productivity, ensure food security, and enhance competitiveness. In response, the Iranian government has instituted a variety of policy measures to support broiler production. These policies include subsidies for poultry feed and other essential inputs, as well as a guaranteed purchase system for chicken meat to stabilize market prices. Collectively, these interventions have contributed to an increase in domestic production and have aimed to protect both producers and consumers against volatile market conditions. However, the sector’s reliance on imported inputs, coupled with government interventions and a multi-rate currency system, has created complexities in determining true production costs and market prices. This lack of transparency in price structures hampers accurate technical and economic evaluations, ultimately impacting the industry's efficiency and sustainability. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to analyze the relative advantage of broiler chicken production in Kurdistan Province and evaluate the impact of government support on the sector.
Materials and Methods
The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) is a valuable tool for assessing the economic and social impacts of policy interventions on agricultural production. Developed to examine the influence of governmental policies on various production parameters, PAM is widely used in agriculture to evaluate the comparative advantage of producing specific commodities. This method provides policymakers and researchers with a systematic approach to determine both market profitability (the net return based on prevailing market prices) and social profitability (the net return when externalities and social values are considered). By differentiating between these two-profitability metrics, PAM offers insights into the effectiveness of government interventions, thereby assisting in the development of optimal production models aimed at reducing costs and increasing efficiency. In the case of broiler production in Kurdistan Province, the PAM framework allows for a detailed analysis of production costs, input subsidies, and market prices. Using a two-dimensional accounting approach, the matrix calculates the Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) ratio, Social Benefit-Cost Ratio (SBCR), Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC), and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC). The DRC ratio provides an indication of the local industry’s comparative advantage by comparing domestic production costs against import costs. The SBCR, on the other hand, evaluates the overall benefit of production relative to its cost, taking into account both economic and social factors. NPCs are calculated for both poultry inputs and final broiler products to measure the degree of government intervention in the pricing system, while the EPC aggregates the net effect of these policies on overall profitability. Collectively, these indicators facilitate a comprehensive analysis of the broiler sector’s performance, offering data-driven insights to guide future policy adjustments.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of Kurdistan’s broiler industry using the PAM method reveals several noteworthy trends and indicators that underscore the sector’s relative advantage and efficiency. First, the DRC ratio for broiler production in Kurdistan indicates a comparative advantage across all scales of production, from small-scale farms to larger, commercial enterprises. This metric confirms that the cost of locally producing broiler chicken is lower than the cost of importing it, establishing a clear economic benefit to regional production. Furthermore, the favorable DRC ratios suggest that Kurdistan Province is well-positioned to produce chicken meat more competitively than relying on imports, which may contribute to the local economy and reduce dependency on international markets. The Social Benefit-Cost Ratio (SBCR) corroborates the findings of the DRC analysis, highlighting positive returns on broiler production when considering broader social impacts. The SBCR, which factors in both direct and indirect economic benefits, further underscores the potential of broiler farming as a sustainable and economically viable industry for Kurdistan Province. Additionally, these findings suggest that the local broiler industry could contribute significantly to rural development, job creation, and poverty alleviation within the province. Another critical indicator, the Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC), was calculated separately for live broiler chickens and poultry inputs. The NPC for live broilers reveals that domestic market prices are lower than global prices, indicating a form of price suppression. This suppression may result from government efforts to stabilize local markets and protect consumers from price volatility. On the other hand, the NPC for poultry inputs is notably higher, reflecting significant government subsidies aimed at reducing input costs. These subsidies make feed and other essential inputs more affordable for producers, thereby promoting local production and enhancing the sector’s competitiveness. While these interventions have been beneficial in the short term, the distortions they create could hinder long-term competitiveness by masking true market costs. The Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC), which aggregates the overall impact of government policies, further confirms the substantial support for broiler production in Kurdistan Province. The EPC suggests that government policies have created a favorable environment for broiler producers by reducing costs and stabilizing market prices. This level of support enhances the sector’s competitiveness within the domestic market and positions it well for potential export opportunities. Notably, export competitiveness indicators for Kurdistan’s broiler industry also suggest promising potential. With an export competitiveness score of less than one, the analysis indicates that local production is economically more efficient than import alternatives. This metric highlights the opportunity for Kurdistan’s broiler sector to penetrate international markets, thereby diversifying revenue streams and reducing the risk associated with a purely domestic focus. The findings of this study underscore the need for policy adjustments that enhance transparency and sustainability within the broiler industry. While government support has been instrumental in bolstering production and stabilizing prices, certain aspects of these interventions warrant reevaluation to foster long-term growth and competitiveness. One recommended policy reform is the adoption of a price band approach, which involves setting upper and lower price limits instead of fixing a single price. This approach would allow market forces to operate within a defined range, thereby enabling producers to respond to supply and demand fluctuations without experiencing extreme volatility. Furthermore, a gradual phase-out of subsidies is advised to encourage cost alignment with true market values. By reducing dependency on subsidies, producers will be incentivized to adopt more efficient production practices, which could lead to lower production costs over time.
Conclusion
The broiler industry in Kurdistan Province holds a significant comparative advantage and exhibits robust competitiveness within Iran’s agricultural sector. Government interventions, while beneficial in stabilizing production, have also introduced certain market distortions that limit the sector's ability to adapt to market dynamics. This study’s findings, derived from the PAM method, provide a clear indication of the economic viability of broiler production in Kurdistan and highlight the need for policy reforms to improve market transparency and efficiency. By adopting a more flexible price management system, gradually reducing subsidies, and encouraging technological advancement, the government can facilitate a more sustainable and competitive broiler industry, capable of meeting both domestic demand and potentially expanding into export markets. Through these reforms, Kurdistan’s broiler sector could contribute more significantly to the region’s economic growth, food security, and rural development.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the Organization of Agricultural Jihad of Kurdistan Province for their invaluable support in conducting this research.
Keywords: Broiler Chicken, Comparative advantage, export competitiveness, policy analysis matrix
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Broiler Chicken
- Kurdistan Comparative advantage
- export competitiveness
- policy analysis matrix
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