با همکاری انجمن اقتصاد کشاورزی ایران
نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی علوم اقتصادی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران leilitabaei@gmail.com
2 استاد اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
In the present era, various factors have affected the socio-economic structures of rural communities. Among them, climate change, as a powerful exogenous shock, increases risks such as food insecurity and population displacement, and the asymmetric impact of these shocks on different groups, especially women and children, can lead to an exacerbation of existing inequalities, especially gender inequalities. The rural labor market, as the core of livelihoods, is affected by these developments. Despite extensive studies on women's vulnerability, the analysis of the dynamics of the ratio of women's economic participation to men as a macro and structural indicator has received less attention. The aim of this research is to analyze scientific evidence to explain the economic mechanisms through which climate change affects the gender ratio of participation in the rural labor force.
In this study, using the generalized moments method (GMM), educational, economic, social, and climatic factors have been investigated on the ratio of female to male participation in the labor market of 30 provinces of Iran during the period 2015-2017. The results show that the Dumartin index as an indicator of climate change, agricultural value added, urbanization rate, divorce rate, and rural women's wage rate have a positive and significant effect, and the Gini coefficient has a negative and significant effect on female to male participation in rural areas.
Materials and Methods
In this study, using data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran during 2015 to 2017 and for 30 provinces (except Alborz province), the dynamic panel method and the generalized method of moments (GMM) were used to investigate the effect of climate change on the ratio of women to men in rural areas. In this study, the ratio of women to men's economic participation in rural areas was considered as the dependent variable, the Dumartin index (climate change index) as the independent variable, and the variables of agricultural value added, urbanization rate, divorce rate, rural women's growth rate, and Gini coefficient were considered as control variables.
Results and Discussion
The results show that the Dumartin index as an indicator of climate change has a significant effect and the improvement of the Dumartin index, which indicates the improvement of humidity and precipitation, increases the ratio of women's economic participation rate to men's in rural areas. The dependent variable has a positive and significant effect on the value of the dependent variable with a lag and indicates stability over time. The value added of the agricultural sector, urbanization rate, divorce rate and fertility rate of rural women have a positive and significant effect and the Gini coefficient has a negative and significant effect on the ratio of women's participation to men in rural areas.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that climate change is not a gender-neutral phenomenon, but rather acts as a reinforcer of existing inequalities. This process not only increases women's structural vulnerability, but can also reverse the gains made over decades of efforts to empower them economically
This study, which aims to provide an in-depth and multidimensional analysis of the impacts of climate change on the economic participation ratio of women to men in rural areas, has reached some key and noteworthy findings. The final conclusion is that climate change, as a powerful structural force, is reshaping the rural labor market in complex ways, and its impact on the gender participation ratio is the product of a dynamic interaction between opposing economic and social forces. The study showed that the increase in this ratio, which at first glance can be interpreted as a positive development towards gender equality, is often a “statistical mirage” that hides deep economic distress, forced migration of men, and an increased disproportionate burden on women. Therefore, relying solely on this indicator without understanding its underlying mechanisms can lead policymakers to misleading conclusions and decisions.
This study, which aims to provide an in-depth and multidimensional analysis of the impacts of climate change on the economic participation ratio of women to men in rural areas, has reached some key and noteworthy findings. The final conclusion is that climate change, as a powerful structural force, is reshaping the rural labor market in complex ways, and its impact on the gender participation ratio is the product of a dynamic interaction between opposing economic and social forces. The study showed that the increase in this ratio, which at first glance can be interpreted as a positive development towards gender equality, is often a “statistical mirage” that hides deep economic distress, forced migration of men, and an increased disproportionate burden on women. Therefore, relying solely on this indicator without understanding its underlying mechanisms can lead policymakers to misleading conclusions and decisions.
Achieving economic stability and sustainable and equitable development in the era of climate change requires a fundamental rethinking of policy approaches. Policies must move beyond a “gender-blind” or even “gender-sensitive” logic and toward a “gender-transformative” approach. This approach requires interventions that not only respond to the different needs of women and men, but also actively seek to change the structures, norms, and power relations that perpetuate inequality. Accordingly, a set of specific policy recommendations can be made:
First, invest in infrastructure that reduces women’s work pressure: Prioritizing projects such as piped water supply, electrification, and access to clean energy in rural areas directly frees up women’s time and removes the largest structural barrier to their economic participation.
Second, support diversification into climate-resilient livelihoods: Instead of focusing solely on agriculture, the government should support the development of non-farm small and medium-sized businesses in rural areas and ensure that women have equal access to skills training, credit, and markets to participate in these new sectors.
کلیدواژهها English
