Journal of Agricultural Economics & Development
Iranian Agricultural Economics Society (IAES)

Evaluating the Welfare and Environmental Impacts of Using Cellulosic Biomass Energy in Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

A. Mehrjo 1
H. Amirnejad 1
K. Ataie Solout 1
H. Azadi 2

1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

2 Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium and University of Hamburg

https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2026.93528.1353
Abstract
Introduction
Energy production from agricultural residue is an important research area with significant potential for sustainable energy production. In Iran, the use of agricultural waste for energy production, due to its favorable geographical characteristics, has the potential to address energy security, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and create economic opportunities for rural communities. Rice and wheat are major crops in Iran, which produce residue in the form of rice husk and wheat straw, respectively, which can be converted into energy sources. Biomass energy production from agricultural residue is currently being carried out worldwide. Although biomass energy is believed to be an effective option in terms of domestic renewable energy production, its ability to improve social welfare is controversial. Therefore, this study aims to examine the extent to which increases in biomass prices affect social welfare. It also investigates the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through electricity generation using biomass derived from two major agricultural crops, wheat and rice.

Materials and Methods
This study evaluates the welfare and environmental impacts of using biomass derived from two major crops, wheat and rice. To achieve this objective, a partial equilibrium model was employed to maximize the total surplus of biomass producers and consumers, subject to resource availability constraints, thereby assessing the economic implications of biomass utilization. In addition, the potential for carbon dioxide emission reduction was estimated through a life cycle assessment of biomass-based electricity generation and by comparing its emissions with those associated with electricity generated from fossil fuels.

Results and Discussion
The results of the model simulation show that the welfare of biomass consumers decreases and that of biomass producers increases; so that the maximum social welfare is achieved at a price of 28.63 million Tomans per ton for wheat biomass and 27.59 million Tomans per ton for rice biomass. The results also showed that an increase in the price of biomass leads to an increase in biomass production, and by using this biomass produced from the two crops wheat and rice in electricity generation, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by 8.2 percent in the country.

Conclusion
Wheat straw and rice straw are among the agricultural residues that are used to produce electrical energy. Increasing the price of electrical energy produced from crop residue will increase the supply of biomass from wheat and rice crops, because straw and stubble can be a source of income for farmers in addition to the main wheat and rice crops, and on the other hand, by collecting straw and stubble, their burning in the fields is prevented. Given the increasing demand for electrical energy in the country, this study can be a basis for the government and policymakers to think of a solution for generating electricity from agricultural waste on a large scale that can produce clean energy and manage agricultural land residue. Therefore, according to the results of this study, it is suggested that by setting an appropriate price for wheat and rice straw and stubble, it is possible to collect them and not burn them in the fields, and to invest in biomass energy plants to produce clean energy. In this study, agricultural producers and power plants are considered as biomass consumers, and potential electricity market effects are ignored. To inform the sustainable use of biomass resources, the proposed model can be extended to the electricity sector consumed by the government and households. In addition, further research is needed to examine environmental impacts, such as biodiversity and water consumption, in a broader manner. The authors leave these explorations to future work.

Keywords

Agricultural residues
Biomass
Consumer and producer surplus
Partial equilibrium model
Rice
Wheat
Subjects

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

 

1.         Abdullah-Al-Mahbub, M., & Islam, A.R.M.T. (2023). Current status of running renewable energy in Bangladesh and future prospect: A global comparison. Heliyon, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14308
2.         Adams, R.M., Rosenzweig, C., Peart, R.M., Ritchie, J.T., McCarl, B.A., Glyer, J.D., Curry, R.B., Jones, J.W., Boote, K.J., & Allen Jr, L.H. (1990). Global climate change and US agriculture. Nature, 345(6272), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1038/345219a0
3.         Ahn, K., Chu, Z., & Lee, D. (2021). Effects of renewable energy use in the energy mix on social welfare. Energy Economics, 96, 105174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105174
4.         Alavijeh, M.K., & Yaghmaei, S. (2016). Biochemical production of bioenergy from agricultural crops and residue in Iran. Waste management, 52, 375-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.025
5.         Arndt, C., Msangi, S., & Thurlow, J. (2011). Are biofuels good for African development? An analytical framework with evidence from Mozambique and Tanzania. Biofuels, 2(2), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.11.1
6.         Bahrami, M., & Abbaszadeh, P. (2013). An overview of renewable energies in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.043
7.         Banse, M., & Grethe, H. (2008). Effects of a potential new biofuel directive on EU land use and agricultural markets. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.6331
8.         Baye, K., Hirvonen, K., Dereje, M., & Remans, R. (2019). Energy and nutrient production in Ethiopia, 2011-2015: Implications to supporting healthy diets and food systems. PloS One, 14(3), e0213182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213182
9.         Ben-Iwo, J., Manovic, V., & Longhurst, P. (2016). Biomass resources and biofuels potential for the production of transportation fuels in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 172-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.050
10.      Brinkman, M., Levin-Koopman, J., Wicke, B., Shutes, L., Kuiper, M., Faaij, A., & van der Hilst, F. (2020). The distribution of food security impacts of biofuels, a Ghana case study. Biomass and Bioenergy, 141, 105695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105695
11.      Canova, F. (1994). Statistical inference in calibrated models. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 9(S1), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.3950090508
12.      Chang, C.C., Chen, C.C., & McCarl, B. (2012). Evaluating the economic impacts of crop yield change and sea level rise induced by climate change on Taiwan's agricultural sector. Agricultural Economics, 43(2), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2011.00577.x
13.      Chang, C.C., McCarl, B.A., Mjelde, J.W., & Richardson, J.W. (1992). Sectoral implications of farm program modifications. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74(1), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/1242988
14.      Chen, S., Chen, X., & Xu, J. (2016). Impacts of climate change on agriculture: Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 76, 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2015.01.005
15.      Chen, X. (2016). Economic potential of biomass supply from crop residues in China. Applied Energy, 166, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.034
16.      Chowdhury, P., Mahi, N.A., Yeassin, R., Chowdhury, N.U.R., & Farrok, O. (2025). Biomass to biofuel: Impacts and mitigation of environmental, health, and socioeconomic challenges. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 100889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100889
17.      Egbendewe-Mondzozo, A., Swinton, S.M., Izaurralde, C.R., Manowitz, D.H., & Zhang, X. (2011). Biomass supply from alternative cellulosic crops and crop residues: a spatially explicit bioeconomic modeling approach. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(11), 4636-4647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.09.010
18.      Elobeid, A., & Hart, C. (2007). Ethanol expansion in the food versus fuel debate: how will developing countries fare?. Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.2202/1542-0485.1201
19.      Ewing, M., & Msangi, S. (2009). Biofuels production in developing countries: assessing tradeoffs in welfare and food security. Environmental Science & Policy, 12(4), 520-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.002
20.      Fadai, D. (2007). Utilization of renewable energy sources for power generation in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(1), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.011
21.      Gabisa, E.W., & Gheewala, S.H. (2018). Potential of bio-energy production in Ethiopia based on available biomass residues. Biomass and Bioenergy, 111, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.02.009
22.      Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812-818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383
23.      Gosens, J. (2015). Biopower from direct firing of crop and forestry residues in China: a review of developments and investment outlook. Biomass and Bioenergy, 73, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.12.014
24.      Gregory Mankiw, N. (2006). Fundamentals of economics, translated by Manouchehr Askari, Tehran: Kohsar.
25.      Guieysse, B., Béchet, Q., & Shilton, A. (2013). Variability and uncertainty in water demand and water footprint assessments of fresh algae cultivation based on case studies from five climatic regions. Bioresource Technology, 128, 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.096
26.      Hamilton, J.D. (2018). Oil and the Macroeconomy. In The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (pp. 9753-9759). Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2119
27.      Hamzeh, Y., Ashori, A., Mirzaei, B., Abdulkhani, A., & Molaei, M. (2011). Current and potential capabilities of biomass for green energy in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4934-4938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.060
28.      Hasan, A.M., & Ammenberg, J. (2019). Biogas potential from municipal and agricultural residual biomass for power generation in Hazaribagh, Bangladesh–A strategy to improve the energy system. Renewable Energy Focus, 29, 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2019.02.001
29.      Havlík, P., Schneider, U.A., Schmid, E., Böttcher, H., Fritz, S., Skalský, R., Aoki, K., De Cara, S., Kindermann, G., Kraxner, F., & Leduc, S. (2011). Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets. Energy Policy, 39(10), 5690-5702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.030
30.      Headey, D.D., & Martin, W.J. (2016). The impact of food prices on poverty and food security. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 8(1), 329-351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095303
31.      Hosseini, S.E., Andwari, A.M., Wahid, M.A., & Bagheri, G. (2013). A review on green energy potentials in Ira. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.015
32.      Hung, J., Yang, J., Msangi, S., Rosegrant, M., Rozelle, S., & Weersink, A. (2012). Biofuels, Food Secuirty and the Poor: Global Impact Pathways of Biofuels on Agricultural Markets. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.04.004
33.      IEA. (2024). https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics.
34.      Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2016). The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application. Energy Economics, 53, 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.003
35.      Iye, E.L., & Bilsborrow, P.E. (2013). Assessment of the availability of agricultural residues on a zonal basis for medium-to large-scale bioenergy production in Nigeria. Biomass and Bioenergy, 48, 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.11.015
36.      Jekayinfa, S.O., & Scholz, V. (2009). Potential availability of energetically usable crop residues in Nigeria, Energy Sources, Part A. Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 31(8), 687-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030701750549
37.      Kangas, H.L., Lintunen, J., Pohjola, J., Hetemäki, L., & Uusivuori, J. (2011). Investments into forest biorefineries under different price and policy structures. Energy Economics, 33(6), 1165-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.008
38.      Kgathi, D.L., Mfundisi, K.B., Mmopelwa, G., & Mosepele, K. (2012). Potential impacts of biofuel development on food security in Botswana: A contribution to energy policy. Energy Policy, 43, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.027
39.      Kumar, V., Vangnai, A.S., Sharma, N., Kaur, K., Chakraborty, P., Umesh, M., Singhal, B., Utreja, D., Carrasco, E.U., Andler, R., & Awasthi, M.K. (2023). Bioengineering of biowaste to recover bioproducts and bioenergy: A circular economy approach towards sustainable zero-waste environment. Chemosphere, 319, 138005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138005
40.      Kung, C.C., & Zhang, N. (2015). Renewable energy from pyrolysis using crops and agricultural residuals: An economic and environmental evaluation. Energy, 90, 1532-1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.114
41.      Kung, C.C., McCarl, B., Cao, X., & Xie, H. (2013). Bioenergy prospects in Taiwan using set-aside land–an economic evaluation. China Agricultural Economic Review, 5(4), 489-511. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-01-2012-0002
42.      Lambert, D.K., McCarl, B.A., He, Q., Kaylen, M.S., Rosenthal, W., Chang, C.C., & Nayda, W.I. (1995). Uncertain yields in sectoral welfare analysis: an application to global warming. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 27(2), 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800028479
43.      Landälv, I. (2017). Methanol as a renewable fuel–a knowledge synthesis. The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Renewable Transportation Fuels. Sweden, p.6.
44.      Lauri, P., Forsell, N., Korosuo, A., Havlík, P., Obersteiner, M., & Nordin, A. (2017). Impact of the 2 C target on global woody biomass use. Forest Policy and Economics, 83, 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.07.005
45.      Lescaroux, F., & Mignon, V. (2008). On the influence of oil prices on economic activity and other macroeconomic and financial variables. OPEC Energy Review, 32(4), 343-380.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0237.2009.00157.x
46.      Lobell, D.B., & Burke, M.B. (2010). On the use of statistical models to predict crop yield responses to climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(11), 1443-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.07.008
47.      Makul, N., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Al-Akwaa, M.S., Pralat, K., Nemova, D., Petropavlovskii, K., Novichenkova, T., Petropavlovskaya, V., & Sulman, M. (2021). Utilization of biomass to ash: An overview of the potential resources for alternative energy. Materials, 14(21), 6482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216482
48.      Masum, M.F.H., Dwivedi, P., & Anderson, W.F. (2020). Estimating unit production cost, carbon intensity, and carbon abatement cost of electricity generation from bioenergy feedstocks in Georgia, United States. Renew Sustain. Energy Rev, 117, 109514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109514
49.      Maung, T.A., & McCarl, B.A. (2013). Economic factors influencing potential use of cellulosic crop residues for electricity generation. Energy, 56, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.064
50.      McCarl, B.A., & Schneider, U.A. (2000). US agriculture's role in a greenhouse gas emission mitigation world: An economic perspective. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 22(1), 134-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1058-7195.t01-1-00011
51.      McCarl, B.A., & Spreen, T.H. (1980). Price endogenous mathematical programming as a tool for sector analysis, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62(1), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/1239475
52.      Miguel, C.D., Manzano, B., & Martm-Moreno, J.M. (2003). Oil price shocks and aggregate fluctuations. The Energy Journal, 24(2), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol24-No2-2
53.      Milhau, A., & Fallot, A. (2013). Assessing the potentials of agricultural residues for energy: What the CDM experience of India tells us about their availability. Energy Policy, 58, 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.041
54.      Ministry of Energy. (2023). https://www.moe.gov.ir/
55.      Mitchell, D. (2008). A note on rising food prices, World Bank policy research working paper, (4682).
56.      Mohammadnejad, M., Ghazvini, M., Mahlia, T.M.I., & Andriyana, A. (2011). A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4652-4658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.087
57.      Naderi, M.M., Mirchi, A., Bavani, A.R.M., Goharian, E., & Madani, K. (2021). System dynamics simulation of regional water supply and demand using a food-energy-water nexus approach: Application to Qazvin Plain, Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111843
58.      Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., & Yusaf, T. (2009). Potential of bioethanol production from agricultural wastes in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7), 1418-1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.010
59.      Okello, C., Pindozzi, S., Faugno, S., & Boccia, L. (2013). Bioenergy potential of agricultural and forest residues in Uganda. Biomass and Bioenergy, 56, 515-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.06.003
60.      Ozdil, N.T., & Caliskan, M. (2022). Energy potential from biomass from agricultural crops: Development prospects of the Turkish bioeconomy. Energy, 249, 123770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123770
61.      Ozturk, H.H., & Bascetincelik, A. (2006). Energy exploitation of agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 24(4), 313-330. https://doi.org/10.1260/014459806779398802
62.      Paolini, V., Petracchini, F., Segreto, M., Tomassetti, L., Naja, N., & Cecinato, A. (2018). Environmental impact of biogas: A short review of current knowledge. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 53(10), 899-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1459076
63.      Phanphanich, M., & Mani, S. (2011). Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass. Bioresours Technology, 102, 1246–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.028
64.      Popp, J., Kovács, S., Oláh, J., Divéki, Z., & Balázs, E. (2021). Bioeconomy: Biomass and biomass-based energy supply and demand. New Biotechnology, 60, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.004
65.      Quartey, E.T., & Chýlková, J.A.R.O.M.Í.R.A. (2012). Challenges and opportunities in managing agricultural waste in Ghana, Advances in Environment. Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 235-239.
66.      Renzaho, A.M., Kamara, J.K., & Toole, M. (2017). Biofuel production and its impact on food security in low and middle income countries: Implications for the post-2015 sustainable development goals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.072
67.      Revilla, P., Alves, M.L., Andelković, V., Balconi, C., Dinis, I., Mendes-Moreira, P., Redaelli, R., Ruiz de Galarreta, J.I., Vaz Patto, M.C., Žilić, S., & Malvar, R.A. (2022). Traditional foods from maize (Zea mays L.) in Europe. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 683399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.683399
68.      Riva, G., Foppapedretti, E., & Caralis, C. (2014). Handbook on Renewable Energy Sources-Biomass. Ener Supply, 157. https://doi.org/10.56845/rebs.v2i2.22
69.      Rosegrant, M.W. (2008). Biofuels and grain prices: impacts and policy responses (pp. 1-4), Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/160345
70.      Sacchelli, S., Bernetti, I., De Meo, I., Fiori, L., Paletto, A., Zambelli, P., & Ciolli, M. (2014). Matching socio-economic and environmental efficiency of wood-residues energy chain: a partial equilibrium model for a case study in Alpine area. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 431-442. https:doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.059
71.      Samuelson, P.A. (1952). Spatial price equilibrium and linear programming. The American Economic Review, 42(3), 283-303.
72.      Schmidhuber, J. (2008). Impact of an increased biomass use on agricultural markets, prices and food security: A longer-term perspective, In ENERGY SECURITY IN EUROPE Proceedings from the conference “Energy Security in Europe” (p. 133).
73.      Sebastian, R.M., Billal, M.M., & Kumar, A. (2025). The development of a framework to assess waste and biomass availability: A case study for Canada, Resources. Conservation and Recycling, 215, 108170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108170
74.      Singh, J., & Gu, S. (2010). Biomass conversion to energy in India- A critique. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(5), 1367-1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.01.013
75.      Singh, J. (2015). Overview of electric power potential of surplus agricultural biomass from economic, social, environmental and technical perspective- A case study of Punjab. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 286-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.015
76.      Solaymani, S. (2021). A review on energy and renewable energy policies in Iran. Sustainability, 13(13), 7328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137328
77.      Statistical Center of Iran. (2023). www.amar.org.ir
78.      Sulle, E., Fauveaud, S., & Vermeulen, S. (2009). Biofuels in Africa: growing small-scale opportunities.
79.      Takayama, T., & Judge, G.G. (1964). Equilibrium among spatially separated markets: A reformulation, Econometrica. Journal of the Econometric Society, 510-524. https://doi.org/10.2307/1910175
80.      Taufiq, B.N., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Saidur, R., Faizul, M.S., & Mohamad, E.N. (2007). Second law analysis for optimal thermal design of radial fin geometry by convection. Applied Thermal Engineering, 27(8-9), 1363-1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.10.024
81.      Thompson, W., Meyer, S., & Green, T. (2010). The US biodiesel use mandate and biodiesel feedstock markets. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(6), 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.01.033
82.      Tofigh, A.A., & Abedian, M. (2016). Analysis of energy status in Iran for designing sustainable energy roadmap. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1296-1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.209
83.      Tolessa, A. (2023). Bioenergy potential from crop residue biomass resources in Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13572 
84.      Uzair, M., Sohail, S.S., Shaikh, N.U., & Shan, A. (2020). Agricultural residue as an alternate energy source: A case study of Punjab province, Pakistan. Renewable Energy, 162, 2066-2074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.041
85.      Von Lampe, M. (2006). Agricultural market impacts of future growth in the production of biofuels, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (www.oecd.Org). https://doi.org/10.1787/oecd_papers-v6-art1-en
86.  Wang, W. (2023). Integrated assessment of economic supply and environmental effects of biomass co-firing in coal power plants: A case study of Jiangsu, China. Energies, 16, 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062725
87.      Welfle, A., Chingaira, S., & Kassenov, A. (2020). Decarbonising Kenya's domestic & industry Sectors through bioenergy: An assessment of biomass resource potential & GHG performances. Biomass and Bioenergy, 142, 105757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105757
88.      Xin, L., Guo, Z., Xiao, X., Xu, W., Geng, R., & Wang, W. (2018). Feasibility of anaerobic digestion for contaminated rice straw inoculated with waste activated sludge. Bioresource Technology, 266, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.048
89.      Zheng, Y., & Qiu, F. (2020). Bioenergy in the Canadian Prairies: Assessment of accessible biomass from agricultural crop residues and identification of potential biorefinery sites. Biomass and Bioenergy, 140, 105669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105669
90.      Zilberman, D., Hochman, G., Rajagopal, D., Sexton, S., & Timilsina, G. (2013). The impact of biofuels on commodity food prices: Assessment of findings. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(2), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas037
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.

  • Receive Date 15 May 2025
  • Revise Date 17 February 2026
  • Accept Date 19 April 2026
  • First Publish Date 19 April 2026

Home

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Contact Us