Research Article
A. Rezaee; A. Chizari; N. Nakhaei
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate government`s protective policies, comparative advantage of production & export of onion during 2000-2006 in Esfahan province. the PAM method is utilized to investigate government`s protective policies, DRC index is utilized to investigate production comparative ...
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The goal of this study is to investigate government`s protective policies, comparative advantage of production & export of onion during 2000-2006 in Esfahan province. the PAM method is utilized to investigate government`s protective policies, DRC index is utilized to investigate production comparative advantage & RCA & RSCA indexes are utilized to compute export comparative advantage. Results show that during all of the studied years, government supported input and output market but the onion’s product didn´t have production comparative advantage during all these years (except 2004). In 2000, 2001, 2005 and 2006 government supported this crop by allocating indirect subsidy to it, whereas in 2002-4 the policy was to impose taxes on this crop. Moreover tax was charged on tradable inputs in 2000 & 2001 and during 2002-6 subsidies has been set to these inputs. The results of RCA and RSCA indicate that Iran has had comparative advantage in onion`s export in 1999-2006 expect 2005.
Research Article
S.S. Hosseini; M. Ghorbani; M. Torshizi; N. Zargham
Abstract
Present study simulated the economical and environmental (on soil erosion) impacts of four major trade and tax policies under different production situations in Iran. Then, the appropriate policy was chosen under different policy weights for environmental and economical factors. The purpose of giving ...
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Present study simulated the economical and environmental (on soil erosion) impacts of four major trade and tax policies under different production situations in Iran. Then, the appropriate policy was chosen under different policy weights for environmental and economical factors. The purpose of giving these weights is to simulate a long-term plan in which weight of environmental factors is small in the beginning and increases gradually. Results show that in the early stages of such a plan that the importance of environmental factors is less than economical factors, the appropriate policy is Lowland Food Production Subsidy, and in the latest stages, when the importance of environmental factors is more than economical factors, Upland Food Production Subsidy is the appropriate policy. Therefore, in addition to suggestion of Lowland Food Production Subsidy for current situation of Iran, more investigation about the relationship between soil erosion and macroeconomic policies was proposed.
Research Article
A. Asadi; A. Karimi; F. Karami
Abstract
The main objective of present study was Identification of Application Contexts of Information Technology by educators of applied science and technology institutes in agriculture and natural resources filed. the study was discriptive – corralation research that carried out through survay method. statistical ...
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The main objective of present study was Identification of Application Contexts of Information Technology by educators of applied science and technology institutes in agriculture and natural resources filed. the study was discriptive – corralation research that carried out through survay method. statistical population of study consisted of (N=2569) educators of applied science and technology institutes in agriculture and natural resources fild in iran. multi steps samplin was employed and 138 members of educators selected from six regions of country. Questionnaire was employed for data collection. Questionnaire validation verified by the group of experts and professors of department of agricultural education and extension of Tehran university. A pilot study with the 30 numbers of questionnaire was conducted to determine the reliability of research tools, and was estimated the Cronbochs alpha that different parts of questionnaire were suitable for study. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS software. The results of correlation showed that there was significant and positive correlation between the number of IT application contexts by instructors with computer familiarity and its skills, internet familiarity and its skills, English language skills, advantages of using of IT, the average use of internet and the average use of computer at level of 0.95 and it had significant and positive correlation with the numbers of review articles and the numbers of scientific papers at 0.99 level. To identify the most important of IT application contexts by educators in agricultural and natural resources applied science and technology institutes, the R-Type Factor Analysis was employed. Results indicated the variables were categorized in four factors include of: development of intra and inter organization relations, to making easy the educational process. Increasing of the educators professional skills, and facilitation of the organization process. These four factors estimated about 72 percent of variances of IT application contexts by educators of applied science and technology institutes in agriculture and natural resources fild.
Research Article
S. Paroon; A. Esmaeili
Abstract
The main objective of this research is to estimate non-market (preservation) value of mangrove forest in Hormozgan Province. Non-market value to be obtained by the mean of willing to pay (WTP) for preservation in mangrove forest. Contingent valuation method (CVM) and double dichotomous choice (DDC) questionnaire ...
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The main objective of this research is to estimate non-market (preservation) value of mangrove forest in Hormozgan Province. Non-market value to be obtained by the mean of willing to pay (WTP) for preservation in mangrove forest. Contingent valuation method (CVM) and double dichotomous choice (DDC) questionnaire are used to measure WTP for mangrove forest in Hormozgan Province. Logit model and maximum likelihood methods are used to estimate WTP. The result showed that 92%, of persons beneath to examination in this research, agree to pay for preservation of mangrove forest. The mean of WTP for preservation value of mangrove forest calculated 450000 Rial/person. Non market value of mangrove forest calculated mean of WTP for preserve forest. Finally, the results lend support to calls for greater policy emphasis on conservation of unique and irreplaceable mangrove forest.
Research Article
Kh. Kalantari; A. Asadi; H. Shabanali Fami; A. Arabiun
Abstract
Sustainability of wheat farming systems depends on various ecological, economic and social factors. Identifying these factors can be most effective to formulating sustainable agricultural analysis policies and strategies. According to this, the purpose of this paper is to identify sustainability factors ...
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Sustainability of wheat farming systems depends on various ecological, economic and social factors. Identifying these factors can be most effective to formulating sustainable agricultural analysis policies and strategies. According to this, the purpose of this paper is to identify sustainability factors of wheat cultivation system in Fars province. Statistical population of this research includes all wheat farmers of Fars province. Sample was selected by using multi stage random sampling method and questionnaire was used for data gathering. Validity of questionnaire confirmed by selected experts and researchers of agricultural development, and Coronbach Alpha coefficient (0.77 to 0.94) was used to confirm its reliability. According to descriptive finding of the study on average irrigated farm land for each landholder was 10.29 ha, With 6.23 ha, allocated to wheat cultivation, annually. On average production per hectare were 6.84 ton and average annual income of each wheat farmer was 120 million Rails. From the view point of landholding system 30.34 percent of the farmers are small landholding. About 88.57 percent of farmers were owner of the farm, 22.65 percent have continuous in cultivation and 67.52 percent have rotational farming in wheat cropping. In total 80.3 percent of farmers do not have sufficient professitional knowledge and 90 percent of them do not enjoy an appropriate agricultural support services. In respect of social participation, 55.6 percent of them are in intermediate level and 67.5 percent do not have sufficient satisfaction from agricultural activities. The results of factor analysis showed that, 5 factors of ecological sustainable cultivation activities, Agricultural extension service, social and participation situation and economic factor explained 72.56 percent of sustainability of wheat cultivation system in Fars province
Research Article
H. Balali; S. Khalilian; M. Ahmadian
Abstract
In recent years, irregular exploitation of groundwater in the Hamedan-Bahar plain for the purposes of municipal drinking and agricultural irrigation has decreased the level of groundwater table in this area, threatening the life of groundwater aquifer. Some researchers believe that water demand management ...
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In recent years, irregular exploitation of groundwater in the Hamedan-Bahar plain for the purposes of municipal drinking and agricultural irrigation has decreased the level of groundwater table in this area, threatening the life of groundwater aquifer. Some researchers believe that water demand management practices including correlated instruments such as water pricing and related agricultural policies can play efficient roles in controlling water resource exploitation. The basic objective of the study is to analysis the impacts of irrigation water pricing on aquifer groundwater balance and exploitation by using of dynamic programming method. Analysing of the results indicate that by continuing of excitant condition in Hamedan-Bahar plain, the groundwater volume balance of aquifer will be near -171 m3 and water table decreasing of aquifer will be 4.28 meter at the end of whole planning horizon. Results also, show that by increasing irrigation water price , although economic revenue of agriculture sector in the study area decreases, but negative balance of aquifer groundwater will improve and be positive at the water price rate of 1500 Rial/m3.
JEL: C61, CO2, M 11
Research Article
M. Aazamzadeh Shooroki; S. Khalilian
Abstract
Providing of food products for increasing population, enhancing food security, increasing of production and foreign incomes are among the major program purposes of each country and monetary policies are one of the methods that immediately affected on food price and on major agriculture variables. Time ...
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Providing of food products for increasing population, enhancing food security, increasing of production and foreign incomes are among the major program purposes of each country and monetary policies are one of the methods that immediately affected on food price and on major agriculture variables. Time series analysis was used for studying the impacts of monetary policies effect on food price index (FPI) in 1373-2006 in this investigation. For this purpose, money supply, exchange rate and interest rate variables were used for representation of monetary policy variables. ARDL method was used for estimation of this model. Results showed that was a long-run and positive linkage between monetary policy variables and food price index (FPI) that is expectable theoretically. Also government by using of monetary policies can control of food price index (FPI) and supporting of food security. Results obtained from error correction model showed that great speed was toward long-run equilibrium.
JEL Classification: e5, e52, q18
Research Article
H. Amirnejad; H. Rafiee
Abstract
It is very important to analyze the rice market structure in Mazandaran province, as this province is competent to produce rice. Mazandaran rice market was analyzed by completing 55 questionnaires in Producer, wholesaler and retailers level, randomly in 2009. Results show that marketing margins of two ...
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It is very important to analyze the rice market structure in Mazandaran province, as this province is competent to produce rice. Mazandaran rice market was analyzed by completing 55 questionnaires in Producer, wholesaler and retailers level, randomly in 2009. Results show that marketing margins of two Varieties namely- local (Tarom) and multi-product- were 5850 and 3700 rials, respectively; also, the rice wholesale marketing margin is more than its retail marketing margin and producer proportion for local and multi-product have been estimated 58.214 and 52.564 percent, respectively. The wholesaler share is more than retailer share in rice market for both types. As whole, by existence of wholesalers, inefficiency of the market will increase; the producer-wholesaler-consumer channel has been the most inefficient marketing rout in case of price, technical and total inefficiency but the producer-consumer rout has been the most efficient one. Estimating the cost coefficient imply that 11.143 and 20 percent of total cost relate to marketing cost in local and multi-product markets, respectively. There is a lot of difference between sum of marketing costs and farm cost in two types markets. So these markets are not clear and this cause to decrease their efficiency. According to estimated total marketing margin function, in two types markets, retail price and marketing cost have significant effects on total marketing margin and retail price has higher and more significant effect on total marketing margin. Therefore, if retail price increase by 1 percent, total marketing margin will increase 1.625 and 1.436 percent in local and multi-product markets, respectively.
Research Article
M. Zibaei; S. Ghazali
Abstract
Selection of optimal sizes of machinery and their proper investment are the main problems in the agricultural machinery. This study has done to optimize machinery sizes in agricultural college farm of Shiraz university. The crop plan includes: 130 ha wheat, 70 ha rapeseed, 100 ha corn, 25 ha alfalfa ...
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Selection of optimal sizes of machinery and their proper investment are the main problems in the agricultural machinery. This study has done to optimize machinery sizes in agricultural college farm of Shiraz university. The crop plan includes: 130 ha wheat, 70 ha rapeseed, 100 ha corn, 25 ha alfalfa and 4 ha coloured. A nonـ linear mixed integer programming model is used to minimize total annual costs includes: fixed costs, variable costs and timeliness costs. This model implemented by using General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) software. Results show that machinery sizes simulated by model for operating width and load capacity are significantly different from actual sizes that used in sample farm and just sprayer and trailer sizes are as same as 400 and 4000 kilogram load capacity. Some sizes suggested larger and some smaller. For tractor suggested 8 number but greater power 85 hp/each. Non- agreement between optimal sizes and actual sizes shows different between optimal costs and actual costs. So that optimal total annual costs per hectare are less than actual total annual costs per hectare. Also operations schedule provided in various weeks of the year, that shows operations distribution in the course of time. This is a good guide for farm director to do operations schedule.
Research Article
Sh. Sarvaramini; A. Asadi; Kh. Kalantari
Abstract
The general purpose of this research was survey and recognizes the positive and negative effects of industrial site of Eshtehard rural development in eshtehard region Statistical populations were two groups’ namely rural people and master of industrial area. The size of the sample was 150 villagers ...
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The general purpose of this research was survey and recognizes the positive and negative effects of industrial site of Eshtehard rural development in eshtehard region Statistical populations were two groups’ namely rural people and master of industrial area. The size of the sample was 150 villagers and 70 masters of industrial units. (Using stratified proportionate random sampeling technique and based on cocran’s sampeling methodology) The study was carried out with field research approach and the validity of research tool was obtained by idea of experts and for reliability of questionnaires a pilot test was conducted. Cronbach’ Alpha coefficient of higher than 0.7 showed that research tool is reliable.. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, CV, factor analysis and Mann-Whitney Tests were used to data analysis. The result of factor analysis showed that in village area, five factors named as social impacts, economic impacts, physical impacts, agricultural impacts and environmental impacts explained 65.98% of variance of positive effects of industrial area. About negative effects of industrial area, four factors named as social impacts, economic impacts, agricultural impacts and environmental impacts explained 63.159% of total variance. Moreover with use of mann-whitney result there are difference between two groups of rural people and master of industrial area.
Research Article
O. Gilanpour; M. Hejazi
Abstract
One of the unique characteristic of agricultural agreement is to order the countries to accept the commitments in three different areas such as domestic support, market access and export subsidy. Although the main goal of this type of classification is the reduction of distortion interventions of trade, ...
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One of the unique characteristic of agricultural agreement is to order the countries to accept the commitments in three different areas such as domestic support, market access and export subsidy. Although the main goal of this type of classification is the reduction of distortion interventions of trade, but indicates that the agricultural agreement has special attention to political tools against the trade effects of agricultural policies. Whereas it is expected that the attention to the trade effects of policies must has more priority. This subject has been taken into consideration by researches formerly, yet in this paper a method is presented for the first time, to measure the amount of reciprocal effect in two areas, market access and domestic support. The result of this essay shows that in Iran like countries such as U.S and Canada the government supports some of agricultural producers with applying border and domestic support at the same time. Disregarding to this stimulatingly causes under estimation of domestic price support about %161. This result confirmed the conclusions of Anania (1997), Gurter and Ingco (2002) that are based upon the impressionability of domestic support from border policies and the necessity of redefine of amber box. But it is against the conclusion of Anania (1997) that is based upon over estimation of aggregate measurement support because of stimulating of these policies.
JEL: Q18, Q17, F13
Research Article
A. Esmaeeli Dastjerdipoor; H. Mehrabi
Abstract
Extension of trade liberalization in countries is cause to increasing amount of goods in different sectors. Exploit of global trade by increasing competitive power was regarded by researchers and policymakers in different countries. Whereas abundance of production factor is one of the agent that makes ...
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Extension of trade liberalization in countries is cause to increasing amount of goods in different sectors. Exploit of global trade by increasing competitive power was regarded by researchers and policymakers in different countries. Whereas abundance of production factor is one of the agent that makes advantage and qualitative land and labor force are two abundance production factors in agricultural sector in Iran, this article survey trade pattern of Iran in agricultural sector from abundance aspect of these factors. For this aim estimated amount of land and labor embodied in export and import of agricultural production traded denotation with production and trade partners of Iran by using indicator methods and calculation material flow during 1376-86. The results indicated that the trade pattern of Iran in agricultural sector is adverse with abundance of qualitative land and labor force. In other words never less existing capable land abundance labor force in Iran this country is net importer of virtual land and labor through trade o agricultural goods with trade partners. So it is necessary that agricultural trade pattern is reviewed for achieving maximum social benefits and international trade flows.
Classification of JEL: F13, Q17, Q24
Research Article
M. Homayounifar; F. Rastegaripour
Abstract
In the present study, water allocation of Latian Dam between agricultural products was evaluated by using inexact two-stage optimization model and the final results were compared to a fuzzy interval. Data were collected from the Regional Water and Agricultural Organization of Tehran province for 1991 ...
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In the present study, water allocation of Latian Dam between agricultural products was evaluated by using inexact two-stage optimization model and the final results were compared to a fuzzy interval. Data were collected from the Regional Water and Agricultural Organization of Tehran province for 1991 to 2009 years. The results showed that by using interval fuzzy programming, 63%, 69%, 49% and 33% of water requirements of barley, agricultural products, vegetables and forage maize crops would be required at the best condition, respectively but the final amount of water allocated to wheat is not known accurately. Also by using inexact two-stage optimization model in the case that water demand reaches to its lowest value, the system administrator works conservatively, and promises low water demand goal to the consumers. This will cause water shortage compared to the optimum condition. But when the target water demand reaches to the highest level, the manager put the water optimistically to the consumers. In this case, water shortage variable would increase in comparison to the optimum case. Comparison of the two models showed that the inexact fuzzy two-stage optimization model simultaneously increases system profit and uncertainty.
Research Article
N. Tahbaz Salehi; M. Koopahi; M.R. Nazari
Abstract
Water user associations (WUAs) are one of the water market development models and a way to transfer the irrigation management from government sector to water users which have been increasingly taken into account over the recent years. In Iran accordingly, a number of WUAs has been developed in downstream ...
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Water user associations (WUAs) are one of the water market development models and a way to transfer the irrigation management from government sector to water users which have been increasingly taken into account over the recent years. In Iran accordingly, a number of WUAs has been developed in downstream dam irrigation and drainage networks on pilot scale. The major goal of WUAs is to improve water usage efficiency. However, since the countries efforts in this regard are very recent, evaluation and monitoring the efficiency of these institutions is essential. This study, consequently, was aimed to investigate the performance of Tajan WUAs in Mazendaran province from three aspects of increasing total factor productivity, member satisfaction and performance management criteria. The results suggested that the members are provided with higher irrigation efficiency, water economic return and TFP in relation to contiguous farmers out of the Tajan WUAs. Furthermore WUAs succeeded to satisfy about 65 percent of the member farmers which is mainly due to training and social classification. The ratio of financial self-sufficiency and water price recovery were estimated as 79 and 65 percent, respectively.