Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
A. Parvar; H.R. Mirzaei Khalil Abadi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M.R. Zare Mehrjerdi
Abstract
Water is one of the most valuable resources available to mankind. Today, international communities are aware of the importance of water for sustainable economic growth in the present and future. In this study, the effect of reducing water resources on economic sectors and agricultural sub-sectors was ...
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Water is one of the most valuable resources available to mankind. Today, international communities are aware of the importance of water for sustainable economic growth in the present and future. In this study, the effect of reducing water resources on economic sectors and agricultural sub-sectors was investigated through a social accounting matrix model. The results are presented in the form of absolute and relative effects. The direct and indirect impacts of a 10 and 50 percent reduction in water resources have been a decrease in the production of 3.4 and 22 percent from the viewpoint of a demanding, 4.7 and 24 percent from the viewpoint of a supplier, for agricultural products. From the perspective of a demanding, a 10 percent reduction in water resources has led to 10.5 percent production reduction of other economic sectors. The relative effects of 10 percent water reduction from a supplier’s point of view indicate that the greatest reduction was in water and other resources sectors. The relative reduction in water resources from the viewpoint of demanding has the greatest impact on water and veterinary sectors. From the perspective of the absolute effects on the demanding and the supplier, the vulnerability of urban households as a result of water resource reduction has been greater than that of rural households. Considering the relative impacts on a supplier, the impact of reduced income is greatr on urban low-income households than low-income rural households. Relative reduction of water resources from the perspective of demanding has a greater impact on capital factor than on labor factor
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
N. Mohammadrezazade Bazaz; M. Ghorbani; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Due to the importantance of sugar in daily consumption of Iranian households, governments annually store sugar as a strategic reserve. Therefore, managing and timing adjustment for the inventory of this product is essential in its ability to compete in markets, modifying the temporal and spatial distribution ...
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Due to the importantance of sugar in daily consumption of Iranian households, governments annually store sugar as a strategic reserve. Therefore, managing and timing adjustment for the inventory of this product is essential in its ability to compete in markets, modifying the temporal and spatial distribution of products and inputs in economic subdivisions. In recent years, at national scale there was extra sugar in warehouses and a few cases of shortages in stock were exception. Higher sugar production along with lower sale, will increase the costs, so the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting sugar surplus and its export in Iran data time searies 1991-2017. In this study our results showed that sugar beet and sugar price as product price did not play a decisive role in stock surplus. Therefore, the stock surplus can neither be the result of price policies nor it be resolved through price policies. It seems that the government should adopt other policies, such as adjusting the timing of import decisions, resolving conflicts between government objectives, and providing strategic reserves from domestic products and gradual elimination of imports, support factories for improving and upgrading equipment, and help sugar beet producers to achieve cheaper product rather than using price policies related to sugar and sugar beet prices.
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
F. Ghafarian; z. Farajzadeh
Abstract
Energy products are the main sources of emissions for most of the pollutants in Iran. However, for some pollutants like Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O), the production process, including the agricultural production process, plays a significant role. The aims of this study were to analysis the emissions ...
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Energy products are the main sources of emissions for most of the pollutants in Iran. However, for some pollutants like Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O), the production process, including the agricultural production process, plays a significant role. The aims of this study were to analysis the emissions intensity of the selected pollutants and to introduce the determinants in Iranian agricultural sector. The emission intensity in the agricultural sector was decomposed into its components using decomposition analysis. Then, the regression analysis was applied to investigate the emission intensity determinants. The selected pollutants are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), CH4, and N2O emitted from agricultural production process. The applied data cover 1973-2016. The findings showed that CH4 emission intensity has been decreasing over the study horizon by 3.9% annually. For N2O, the corresponding value was 2.6%. Based on the results, output level in agricultural sectors is an important driving factor in the emission intensity. It was found that 1% increase in livestock output level is expected to increase CH4 emission intensity by 0.9% while it will dampen the N2O emissions intensity by more than 3.3%. By contrast, the same percentage of increase in the output level of agronomy and horticultural subsector will induce an increase of 3.3% in N2O emission intensity and will reduce the CH4 emission intensity more than 0.9%. Macroeconomic variables including urbanization and trade openness failed to affect the agricultural emission intensity significantly. The emission intensity of all pollutants, measured in CO2 equivalent, has been decreasing over the study period by 3.5% annually. It was also found that, in terms of aggregated emission, output expansion in livestock and forestry sectors may induce higher emission intensity, while agronomy and horticultural output expansion can reduce the emissions intensity. Given that the output level plays a significant role in emission intensity while the macroeconomic variables have nothing to do with emission intensity, the measures taken to reduce the emission intensity in the agricultural sector should be sector-specific. Moreover, the measures should focus on each subsector individually.
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
M. Bakeshloo; Gh. Yavari; A. Mahmoudi; A. Nikoukar; F. Alijani
Abstract
One of the most important economic policies in most countries is to support producers or consumers through subsidies. The category of green subsidies has been proposed in the direction of agricultural development, which is in line with the law on targeted subsidies, but in a real way. Green subsidies ...
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One of the most important economic policies in most countries is to support producers or consumers through subsidies. The category of green subsidies has been proposed in the direction of agricultural development, which is in line with the law on targeted subsidies, but in a real way. Green subsidies belong to farmers and are used to boost business and industry in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization by applying a simulated green subsidy policy on the variables of employment, investment, and value added in the agricultural sector, which is designed in the form of 20%, 50% and 100% scenarios. The model was calibrated using the social accounting matrix of 2011 and the baseline scenario (0% of green subsidies). GAMS software was used to analyze the data in this research. The results show an increase in employment in the agricultural sector during the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization and by applying the green subsidy simulation policy, in 20, 50 and 100% scenarios. Also, the implementation of green subsidy policy has led to an increase in investment in the agricultural sector.This is due to the increased production in this sector and as a result, increase in the use of intermediate inputs. The results obtained from the mentioned shocks show that value added in the agricultural sector has an upward trend, which is due to the increase in the use of factors of production in this sector.
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
A. Azizi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M. Zare Mehrjerdi
Abstract
Abdulai, A., and W. E. Huffman. 2005. The diffusion of new agricultural technologies: the case of crossbred-cow technology in Tanzania. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87: 645-659.Agricultural Jihad Organization of North-Khorasan Province. 2017. Soil and Water Management and Engineering Technical ...
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Abdulai, A., and W. E. Huffman. 2005. The diffusion of new agricultural technologies: the case of crossbred-cow technology in Tanzania. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87: 645-659.Agricultural Jihad Organization of North-Khorasan Province. 2017. Soil and Water Management and Engineering Technical Affairs. (In Persian)Alam, K. 2015. Farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity in drought-prone environments: a case study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 148: 196-206.Balali, H., H. Saadi, and R. Vahdat Adab. 2016. Economic and social factors affecting the adoption of pressurized irrigation technology in wheat fields of Hamadan city. Agricultural Education Management Research, 37: 85-96. (In Persian)Behbahani Motlagh, M., M.S. Sharifzadeh, G. Abdollahzadeh, and M.R. Mahboobi. 2017. Farmers' Adoption Behavior of Pressurized Irrigation Technology in Dashtestan County. Iran Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 13 (1): 89-103. (In Persian)Bressers, H., N. Bressers, and S. Kuks. 2019. Strategies and instruments to face drought and water scarcity. Chapter 14 in book, Facing Hydro meteorological Extreme Events: A Governance Issue, First Edition, Edited by Jeunesse, I.L. and C. Larrue.Burke, S.M., R.M. Adams, and W.W. Wallender. 2004. Water Banks and Environmental Water Demands: Case of the Klamath Project. Water Resources Research, 40 (W09S02): 1–9.Calzadilla, A., K. Rehdanz, and R.S.J. Tol. 2011. Water scarcity and the impact of improved irrigation management: a computable general equilibrium analysis. Agricultural Economics 42: 305-323.Caswell, M.F., and D. Zilberman. 1986. The effects of well depth and land quality on the choice of irrigation technology. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68: 798-811.Coffel, E. D., B. Keith, C. Lesk, R.M. Horton, E. Bower, J. Lee, and J. S. Mankin. 2019. Future hot and dry years worsen Nile basin water scarcity despite projected precipitation increases. Earth’s Future, 7(8): 967-977.Comprehensive report on agricultural water productivity. 2017. Agricultural Jihad Organization of North-Khorasan Province. (In Persian)Cremades, R., J. Wang, and J. Morris. 2015. Policies, economic incentives and the adoption of modern irrigation technology in China. Earth System Dynamic, 6: 399-410.Dashti, Gh., Kh. Olphi, M. Ghahremanzade. 2017. Investigating the effects of climatic variables on land allocation between groups of annual crops in the country. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 30(4): 297-307. (In Persian)Dinar, A., A. Tieu, and H. Huynh. 2019. Water scarcity impacts on global food production. Global Food Security, 23: 212-226.Etwire, P.M. 2020. The impact of climate change on farming system selection in Ghana. Agricultural System 179: 102773.Finkel, H. J., and D. Nir. 1983. Criteria for the Choice of Irrigation Method. In Handbook of Irrigation Technology Volume II, ed. H. J. Finkel. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Frisvold, G., and T. Bai 2016. Irrigation technology choice as adaptation to climate change in the Western United States. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 158: 62-77.Hamdy, A., R. Ragab, and E. Scarascia-Mugnozza. 2003. Coping with water scarcity: water saving and increasing water productivity. Irrigation and Drainage, 52: 3-20.Howitt, R., J. Medellin-Azuara, D. MacEwan, J. Lund, and D. Summer 2014. Economic analysis of the 2014 drought for California agricultural. Center for Watershed Sciences University of California, Davis UC Agricultural Issues Center ERA Economics, Davis, Calif.Jawid, A. 2019. A ricardian analysis of the economic impact of climate change on agriculture: evidence from the farms in the Central Highlands of Afghanistan. Journal of Asian Economics, ASIECO 101177.Karppien, H. 2005. Forest owners' choice of reforestation method: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Forest policy and Economics 7 (3): 393-409.Khaledi, F., K. Zarafshan, A. Mirakzadeh, and l. Sharafi. 2016. Analysis of adaptability of wheat farmers in Sarpol-e-Zahab city against climate change. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Science 12 (2): 169-182. (In Persian).Khaledi, S. 2004. Investigation of frost phenomenon and its effects in horticulture of Marand city. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences 2 (2): 29-50. (In Persian).Li, M., Y. Xu, Q. Fu, V. P. Singh, D. Liu, and T. Li. 2020. Efficient irrigation water allocation and its impact on agricultural sustainability and water scarcity under uncertainty. Journal of Hydrology 586: 124888.Lichtenberg, E. 1989. Land quality irrigation development, and cropping patterns in the northern high plains. American Agricultural Economics Association 71 (1): 187-194.Liu, J., H. Yang, S. Gosling, M. Kummu, M. Flörke, S. Pfister, N. Hanasaki, Y. Wada, X. Zhang, C. Zheng, J. Alcamo, and T. Oki. 2017. Water scarcity assessments in the past, present and future. Earth’s Future 5 (6): 545-559.McDonald, R.I., and E. H. Girvetz. 2013. Two challenges for U.S. irrigation due to climate change: increasing irrigated area in Wet States and increasing irrigation rates in dry states. PloS One, 8(6): e65589.Mendelsohn, R., and A. Dinar. 2003. Climate, Water and Agriculture. Land Economics, 79(3): 328-341.Movahedi, R., N. Izadi, and R. Vahdat Adab. 2017. Investigating the effective factors on the acceptance of pressurized irrigation technology among farmers in Asadabad city. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 31(2): 287-300. (In Persian)Olen, B., J. Wu, and C. Langpap. 2016. Irrigation decisions for major west coast crops: water scarcity and climatic determinants. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 98(1): 254-275.Paltasingh, K.R., and P. Goyari. 2018. Impact of farmer education on farm productivity under varying technologies: case of paddy growers in India. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6(7): 1-19.Papke, L.E., and J.M. Wooldrige. 1996. Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401 (K) plan participation rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11: 619-632.Parhizkari, A., A. Mahmoudi, and M. Shokat Fadai. 2017. Assessing the effects of climate change on available water resources and agricultural production in the Shahroud watershed. Agricultural Economics Research, 9(1): 23-50. (In Persian)Rahmani, S., S. Yazdani, A. Mahmoudi, M. Shokat Fadai, and A. Souri. 2016. Investigating the factors affecting the acceptance and development of pressurized irrigation cultivation level using Logit model (Case study: Ardabil province). Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 6(23): 13-26. (In Persian)Seekao, C., and C. Pharino. 2016. Key factors affecting the flood vulnerability and adaptation of the shrimp farming sector in Thailand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17: 161-172.Sheidaeian, M., M. Ziatabar Ahmadi, and R. Fazlavali. 2014. The effect of climate change on irrigation net requirement and rice yield (Case study: Tajan plain). Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Sciences and Industries), 28(6): 1284-1297. (In Persian)Siddig, K., D. Stepanyan, M.Wiebelt, H. Grethe, and T. Zhu. 2020. Climate change and agriculture in the Sudan: Impact pathways beyond changes in mean rainfall and temperature. Ecological Economics, 169: 106566.Statistical Yearbook of North-Khorasan province. 2019. Statistical Center of Iran. (In Persian)Tavakoli, J., H. Almasi, and P. Ghoochi. 2016. Investigation and analysis of farmers' adaptation strategies to drought in Kermanshah province. Rural Research, 7(1): 217-242. (In Persian)Velayati, S. 2006. Investigation of water crisis in Khorasan province. Modarres Human Sciences, 10(48): 213-234. (In Persian)Wakeyo, M. B., and C. Gardebroek. 2017. Share of irrigated land and farm size in rainwater harvesting irrigation in Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, 139: 85-94.Zarifian, S., J. Rostami, and E. Pishbahar. 2020. Factors affecting the use of modern irrigation systems for Sustainable Agricultural Development (Case Study: Rural Areas of Bostan Abad City of East- Azerbayjan Province Iran). Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 30(3): 217-229. (In Persian)Zarski, J., R. Kuśmierek-Tomaszewska, and S. Dudek. 2020. Impact of Irrigation and Fertigation on the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris ) in a Moderate Climate. Agronomy, 10(2): 166.Zhang, B., Z. Fu, J. Wang, and L. Zhang. 2019. Farmers’ adoption of water-saving irrigation technology alleviates water scarcity in metropolis suburbs: A case study of Beijing, China. Agricultural Water Management, 212: 349-357.
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
A.H. Chizari; K. Vazirian
Abstract
Efficient Asset allocation and investment portfolio selection are among the most critical and challenging issues in investment management and a continuous concern for investors. When investors invest in the capital market, they expect their portfolio to perform well. Therefore, this study determines ...
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Efficient Asset allocation and investment portfolio selection are among the most critical and challenging issues in investment management and a continuous concern for investors. When investors invest in the capital market, they expect their portfolio to perform well. Therefore, this study determines the optimal stock portfolio of agricultural companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Thirty-two most important agriculture companies in the (TSE), with monthly data from 2014-2020, were selected from Iran's two most essential agriculture industries, the food and beverage industries, and the sugar industry. Two portfolios for the food and beverage industry and sugar industry goals: minimizing portfolio variance and maximizing portfolio return using the Markowitz model with two different scenarios and applying two minimum investment constraints of 1% and optimized maximum investment of 20% without considering these two constraints. The efficiency, variance, and Sharp ratios are also calculated. The results showed that both food and beverage industry portfolios and the sugar industry portfolios became more efficient when optimized to maximize portfolio returns. The result also indicates the food and beverage industry was more efficient than the portfolio of the sugar industry. In this portfolio, the amount of investment for the shares of Salmin Company was 86.7% and for Mehram Company was 13.3%.
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
Gh. Ghasemi; H. Rafiee; E. Mehrparvar Hosseini
Abstract
Agricultural and food industry exports are one of the strategies for export development and sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Since Iran has been among the top ten countries in the export of tomatoes and tomato paste in recent years, the purpose of this article was to compare the global ...
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Agricultural and food industry exports are one of the strategies for export development and sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Since Iran has been among the top ten countries in the export of tomatoes and tomato paste in recent years, the purpose of this article was to compare the global market structure of these two products as two links in the tomato supply chain and calculate the revealed comparative advantage of their exports in the world and the target countries. According to the results, the global market structure of both products in the period 2010-2018, despite the high share of the top four market powers, has been an open oligopoly for most of the years, which indicates a small share of the most competitors and high competition between them. However, due to the large share and stability of market leadership, it is unlikely that small countries will be able to capture the share of large countries. Therefore, it is suggested that Iran, with an average share of 1.61 percent in the tomato market and 5.30 percent in the paste market, prioritize a number of markets in which it has more competitiveness for market penetration, market development, and branding. On average, exports of tomatoes and tomato paste to Turkmenistan, Iraq, and Afghanistan have had the greatest comparative advantage for Iran. It is proposed to prioritize competition, market development, and branding in a number of markets in which it has competitiveness and stability based on the revealed comparative advantage index, including Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. It is worth mentioning that due to the higher comparative advantage of tomato paste compared to tomato, its higher added value, more branding, and storage and transportation capabilities, it is recommended, with the development of investment in food processing industries and the completion of supply chain and marketing. Development of the export market of tomato paste should be a priority of the country.
Research Article-en
Agricultural Economics
D. Jahangirpour; M. Zibaei
Abstract
Modern irrigation systems are considered as a way to both respond to the effects of climate changes and improve the water security. Applying such systems, save the water used in farming activities and consequently made some environmental challenges in terms of increasing energy consumption and greenhouse ...
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Modern irrigation systems are considered as a way to both respond to the effects of climate changes and improve the water security. Applying such systems, save the water used in farming activities and consequently made some environmental challenges in terms of increasing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Although some recent studies analyzed the relationship between water and energy in the agricultural irrigation systems, considering the objectives on productivity, adaptation, and mitigation in a cropping pattern optimization problem is necessary. Climate-Smart agriculture as a strong programming concept, addresses these three objectives and has created the potential for a "triple-win" solution. This study is an effort to fill the study gap on triple-win solution in modern irrigation by developing an integrated economic-hydrological-environmental model called WECSAM at the basin level using a hydrological model called WEAP. For this purpose, a multi-objective optimization model has been developed with the concepts of water footprint, energy footprint, and the greenhouse gas emissions in the context of CSA. We applied the model to the northern region of Bakhtegan basin called Doroodzan irrigation network located in Iran. The result of the WECSAM model indicated that by simultaneously optimizing the conflicting objectives of maximizing profit and minimizing water footprint, energy footprint, and CO2 emissions, as compared to the single-objective model of maximizing economic profit, the water footprint decreases by 8.2%, Energy footprint decreases by 21.2%, CO2 emissions decreases by 6.9% and profit decreases by 7.4%. The share of each system in irrigating the water-smart, energy-smart, and climate-smart cropping pattern is as follow: 54% for drip system, 26% for semi-permanent sprinkler system, 11% for surface systems, 8% for center-pivot, and <1% for classic permanent sprinkler system.