تعیین الگوی کشت و سبد بهینه مصرف انرژی مورد نیاز در پمپاژ آب آبیاری (مطالعه موردی: اراضی شمال ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• خدیجه عبدی رکنی
• سمیه شیرزادی لسکوکلایه
• حمید امیر نژاد

گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2023.77437.1145

چکیده

محدود بودن منابع انرژی فسیلی و مشکلات ناشی از انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای حاصل از آن، ضرورت مصرف انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر را بر همگان روشن ساخته است. بر همین اساس در تحقیق حاضر سعی شده است، با استفاده از مدل چندهدفه، الگوی کشت بهینه زراعی و سبد بهینه مصرف انرژی در اراضی کشاورزی به­گونه­ای که منافع حاصل از تولید محصولات زراعی کشاورزان با تکیه بر استفاده از منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر و کاهش مصرف سوخت منابع انرژی فسیلی مورد استفاده در سیستم آبیاری، تعیین شود. جامعه آماری پژوهش، زارعین منطقه بیشه جنوبی شهرستان بابل می‌باشند. داده­های مربوطه از طریق اداره جهاد کشاورزی منطقه و سازمان ساتبا، در سال 1400 به صورت خام جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج مطالعه، در وضعیت ترکیب انرژی تجدیدپذیر با انرژی فسیلی در پمپاژ آب آبیاری، کشت محصولات شالی طارم، شالی شیرودی، سویا، و ذرت به­ترتیب با سطح کشت 44/0، 30/0، 16/0 و 10/0 در هکتار را به­عنوان مقادیر بهینه پیشنهاد می­کند. با اجرای الگوی پیشنهادی، سود زارعین منطقه به­ازای هر هکتار از 49/536 به 41/538 میلیون ریال نسبت به وضعیت عدم لحاظ انرژی تجدیدپذیر در الگوی جاری، افزایش می­یابد. سبد بهینه مصرف انرژی به­صورت ترکیب به­کارگیری انرژی خورشیدی و انرژی فسیلی، 2690 کیلووات ساعت به­دست آمد، که از این مقدار، 82 درصد به انرژی فسیلی و 18 درصد به  انرژی خورشیدی اختصاص دارد. همچنین، براساس نتایج، با انتخاب سیستم پمپ ترکیبی فسیلی-خورشیدی و همچنین کاهش سطح کشت شیرودی و افزایش سطح طارم، سویا و ذرت نسبت به الگوی فعلی منطقه در شرایط عدم استفاده از انرژی تجدیدپذیر به­عنوان منبع سوخت آبیاری، 18 درصد از میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای صرفه­جویی خواهد شد. لذا، تشویق و حمایت دولت از کشاورزان در زمینه استفاده از منابع انرژی­های تجدیدپذیر در تأمین سوخت کشاورزی می‌تواند در کاهش زیان­های محیط­زیستی ناشی از کشاورزی نقش به­سزایی داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• الگوی کشت بهینه
• انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای
• انرژی خورشیدی
• انرژی فسیلی
• شهرستان بابل

موضوعات

• اقتصاد کشاورزی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Determining the Optimal Cultivation Pattern and Energy Consumption Portfolio Required for Irrigation Water Pumping (Case Study: Arable Lands in North Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

• Kh. Abdi Rokni
• S. Shirzadi Laskookalayeh
• H. Amirnejad

Department of of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The growing importance of energy resources in the formation and growth of economic processes, as well as the need to exploit these resources based on environmental considerations and sustainable economic development, the issue of energy saving as an important issue in all economic infrastructures, including industry. Global warming, declining crop yields, climate change and acid rain are the result of fossil fuel consumption. Hence, in recent years, there has been a growing global emphasis on renewable energy across both developed and developing nations. The primary objective is to decrease reliance on conventional energy sources, mitigate environmental pollution, and attain sustainable energy practices.
 
Materials and Ways
In the present study, a multi-objective mathematical planning model was designed, in which the optimal crop cultivation model in the southern grove area of Babol city, taking into account the maximum profit from the sale of crops, relying on expanding the use of renewable energy sources in the supply basket Irrigation water and reduction of fossil energy consumption used in irrigation water supply were determined. The objective functions of the study are in the form of two objectives: profit maximization and minimization of greenhouse gas emissions. The amount of profit considered in the present study is equal to the difference between income from crop production and total costs, including irrigation, planting and harvesting costs, seed costs, fertilizers and pesticides, and labor costs. The greenhouse gases considered in this study encompass CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄, with the objective of minimizing their emissions for the determination of an optimal crop pattern. The study endeavors to resolve the proposed nonlinear multi-objective pattern utilizing the constraint epsilon method. Subsequently, employing the energy link indexes (E), the optimal solution is identified among the proposed alternatives through the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision model. The statistical population for this investigation comprises farmers in the southern forest area of Babol city. The analysis of results has been conducted using Matlab, Lingo, and Excel software.
 
Results and Discussion
In this study, a multi-objective model with objective functions of profit maximization and minimization of greenhouse gas emissions subject to energy, energy flow, water, fertilizer, and capital and land constraints using the method the constraint is resolved and eventually the study decision variables are obtained. In terms of recyclable energy, the model suggests that four types of Tarom rice, Shiroodi rice, soybean, and corn be grown with 0.40, 0.34, 0.14 and 0.12 ha / ha, respectively. As can be seen, in accordance with the outputs of the optimal model in terms of renewable energy, most of the cultivated land is allocated to Tarom and Shiroodi rice. The total amount of energy required in the optimal model in terms of renewable energy was 2518 kWh, of which fossil energy is 79% and solar energy is 21%. According to the calculations made in Equation 3, to provide 21% (518 kWh) of solar electricity required by the irrigation system in order to irrigate one hectare of the proposed model of the optimal model in the study area, a solar panel with a capacity of 0.22 kW will be required. The results of the model show that in terms of renewable energy, with the implementation of the proposed model, the profit of farmers in the region per hectare increases from 14776.21 to 14778.18 million rials compared to the situation of non-renewable energy in the entire growing season. In other words, in the current situation, people cultivate crops regardless of energy consumption and production costs (traditional method of rice production by local farmers), while by choosing the right model, the farmer's economic benefits can be increased by 0.013%. At the same time, it saved a significant amount of fossil energy consumption.The minimum emission target of the model in terms of renewable energy states that for the cultivation of 0.40 hectares of Tarom rice, 0.34 hectares of Shiroodi, 0.14 hectares of soybean and 0.12 hectares of corn, at the rate of 2836 kg equivalent to CO₂ pollution Fertilizers, pesticides and fossil fuel consumption will be released, which is 9% less than the current situation where only fossil fuels are used to irrigate crops.
 
Conclusion
In the present study, the interests of farmers were considered by considering the maximum profit from the sale of agricultural products by relying on the use of renewable energy sources in the energy basket of the agricultural sector (by reducing the fuel consumption of fossil energy sources used) in determining the cultivation pattern. Optimally calculated and compared with current conditions. The results show that the optimal model in terms of renewable energy, shows a more appropriate achievement of goals than in the absence of renewable energy. To this end, it is suggested that agricultural policy makers, by promoting the use of solar energy in irrigation and the use of this large capacity in the country, justify farmers to the potential benefits of solar energy (in the agricultural sector) and its widespread use, reduce current agricultural subsidies in the energy sector. Fossilization and subsidizing solar energy, encouraging the private sector to invest in solar projects can help power irrigation projects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Fossil energy
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Optimal cultivation pattern
• Solar energy

مراجع

1. Adama, G., Jimoh, D., & Otache, M. (2020), Optimization of irrigation water allocation framework based on genetic algorithm approach. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12, 316-329.
2. Agriculture Jahad of babol city, (2021). https://doi.org/4236/jwarp.2020.124019
3. Alam, M., Bell, R., & Biswas, W. (2019), Increases in soil sequestered carbon under conservation agriculture cropping decrease the estimated greenhouse gas emissions of wetland rice using life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 224, 72-87. https://doi.org/1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.215
4. Ameri, M., Magdsabeti, A., & Norozi, M. (2005). Economic feasibility study of using solar pumps in Kerman province". 13^th Annual Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
5. Bartzas, G., & Komnitsas, K. (2018). Energy flow analysis in agriculture; the case of irrigated pistachio production in Greece. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2, 73-80. https://doi.org/1016/j.seta.2018.06.007
6. Baghrian, A., Saleh, A., & Pikani, Gh. (2007). Optimization of cultivation pattern in Kazerun region using linear programming method. The sixth biennial conference of the Iranian Agricultural Economics Association. Mashhad. 8 and 9 November. (In Persian)
7. Dayer, J., & Desjardins, L. (2003). The impact of farm machinery management on the greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 22, 59-74. https://doi.org/1300/J064v22n03_07
8. Dastan, S., Soltani, A., Noor Mohammadi, G.H., & Madani, H. (2013), Global warming potential of carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in the paddy planting. Journal of Agricultural Ecology, 6(4), 823-835. (In Persian with English abstract)
9. El-Gafy, I. (2017). Water–food–energy nexus index: analysis of water–energy–food nexus of crop’s production system applying the indicators approach. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 2857-2868. https://doi.org/1007/s13201-017-0551-3
10. Elhami, B., Akram, A., & Khanali, M. (2015). Optimization of energy consumption and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the production of blue lentils using data envelopment analysis method. Iran Biosystem Engineering, 47(4), 701-710. (In Persian)
11. Faryadi, Sh. (2004). Proposing the principles and rules of sustainable urban design in the process of globalization. Journal of Environmental Science, (In Persian)
12. Karamoz, M., Ahmadi, A., & Nazif, S. (2006). Challenges and opportunities of applying models for optimal operation of water resources systems. The first regional conference of exploiters of water resources in Karun and Zayandehrud basins, Shahrekord University. (In Persian)
13. Khoshaghlagh, R., Sharifi, A., & Kochakzade, M. (2005). Economic evaluation of solar energy use compared to diesel energy. Iranian Journal of Economic Research, 7(24), 171-192. (In Persian)
14. Khoshnavaz, (2019), Uncertainty analysis of water distribution planning in mian-ab irrigation network in shooshtar plain: application of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 52(1), 152-163. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/IJSWR.2019.281948.668217
15. Kaltsas, , Mamolos, AP., Tsatsarelis, CA., Nanos, GD., & Kalburtji, KL. (2007). Energy budget in organic and conventional olive groves. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 122(2), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.017
16. Mirzaie, , Zakerinia, M., Shahabifar, M., & Sharifan, H. (2017). Determining optimum cropping pattern using genetic algorithm (case study: Golestan dam irrigation and drainage network). Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 40(3), 181-190. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22055/JISE.2017.13261
17. Medina, A., Flores, F., Cardenas, L., & Fuentes, L. (2020). Optimal design of the water-energy-food nexus for rural communities. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 143, 107-120. https://doi.org/3390/en15239045
18. Omrani, A. (2013). Implementation of the cultivation model is an opportunity to address sustainable development and food security. Agricultural Jihad of Sari city. (In Persian)
19. Parvareshrizi, A., & Ashrafzadeh, (2018). Technical-economic analysis of solar irrigation: Comparison with Conventional Energy Sources in Irrigation. Journal of Energy Policy and Planning Research, 4(11), 201-228. (In Persian)
20. Pormohamad, , Mosavibaigi, M., Alizadeh, A., & Ziay, A. (2017). Estimation of water productivity of major crops in Neishabour plain and optimization of crop area. Journal of Water and Soil, 1(31), 112-126. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/JWSD.V8I1.88854
21. Radmehr, R., Ghorbani, M., & Ziaei, A.N. (2020). Quantifying and managing the water-energy-food nexus in dry regions food insecurity: New methods and evidence. Agricultural Water Management, 119. https://doi.org/1016/j.agwat.2020.106588
22. Sadeghi, , Sojodi, S., & Ahmadzadh, F. (2017). The impact of renewable energy on economic growth and environmental quality in Iran". Journal of Energy Policy and Planning Research, 6, 171-202. (In Persian)
23. Safaee, V., Davary, K., & Pourmohammad, Y. (2019). Necessity water, energy, and food nexs based on the strategic plan for sustainable development. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 9-14. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/22067/JWSD.V6I2.72591
24. Saidi, P., Mazhari, R., & Valian, H. (2012), Invekstigating the relationship between inflation rate and interest rate based on Fisher's theory in Iranian economy. Journal of Financial Knowledge, Securities Analysis, 5(13), 83-97. (In Persian)
25. Sharifi, A., Kiani, Gh., Khoshakhlagh, R., & Bagheri, M. (2012), Evaluating the replacement of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels in Iran: An optimal control approach. The Journal of Economic Modeling Research, 11, 123-140. (In Persian(
26. Sharifimoghadam, A., Sadeghi, H., Delavar, M., & Zarghami, M. (2014). Water-food-energy Nexs in agricultural water resources management in Shazand watershed. 14^th National Conference on Watershed Management Science and Engineering of Iran. (In Persian)
27. Slami, G., Darzi, A., & Emadi, A. (2018). Assessment of water resources and agricultural water consumption in Babol plain. The Second National Conference on Science and Technology of Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment of Iran.
28. Soltani, , Rajabi, M.H., Zeinali, E., & Soltani, E. (2013). Energy inputs and greenhouse gases emissions in wheat production in Gorgan. 50, 54-61.
29. Taghinazhad, , Vahedi, A., & Ranjbar, F. (2019). E assessment of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from wheat ductionpro in Ardabil Provience. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17(3), 137-150. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.29252/envs.17.3.137
30. Yousefi, Z., Vahedi, A., & Askari-Bozayeh, F. (2020). Energy consumption analysis and environmental impact evaluation of rice production by life cycle assessment (LCA) in Guilan province. Agricultural Mechanization and Systems Research, 22(78), 55-72. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/22092/erams.2020.343427.1359
31. Yue, G., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Guo, P. (2020). Fuzzy multi-objective modelling for managing water-food-energy-climate change-land nexus towards sustainability. Journal of Hydrology, 1-47. https://doi.org/1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125704