Agricultural Economics
S. Kalhori; L. Abolhasani; M. Sabouhi; M. Sarkhosh
Abstract
IntroductionGiven the rapid process of industrialization, expansion of agriculture, increased reliance on fossil fuels, and the intensification of climatic conditions, air quality has rapidly deteriorated in recent years. One of the most important issues and challenges facing the world today is air pollution, ...
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IntroductionGiven the rapid process of industrialization, expansion of agriculture, increased reliance on fossil fuels, and the intensification of climatic conditions, air quality has rapidly deteriorated in recent years. One of the most important issues and challenges facing the world today is air pollution, particularly PM2.5 pollution. This problem has evolved into one of the most complex and serious dilemmas affecting the lives of people worldwide. Exposure to high levels of air pollution has negative health implications. The present study aims to measure the willingness to pay of Mashhad city residents for the improvement of PM2.5 pollution and identify the factors influencing this willingness to pay. Materials and MethodsThis study used contingent valuation and the multiple-bound discrete choice model to calculate individuals' willingness to pay. The research focused on the certainty level of "definitely yes" and generated 13 different proposals ranging from 10,000 Toman to 200,000 Toman. The ordered logit regression model was employed to analyze the factors influencing the willingness of Mashhad citizens to pay for air quality improvement. The study collected 343 questionnaires from Mashhad city residents, considering variables such as education level, age, gender, marital status, family size, presence of children, chronic respiratory diseases and individuals' income. The dependent variable was the public's willingness to pay for improving air quality regarding PM2.5. Results and DiscussionThe study found that a significant portion of respondents were willing to pay for air quality improvement. About 22.45% were willing to pay less than 10,000 Toman, 60.06% were willing to pay between 45,000 and 58,000 Toman, 5.83% were willing to pay between 95,000 and 120,000 Toman, and 11.66% were willing to pay between 155,000 and 200,000 Toman. The average willingness to pay for PM2.5 pollutant improvement in Mashhad was estimated to be 55,488 Toman. Education, age, respiratory diseases, income, and family size were found to affect willingness to pay. Conclusion Improving air quality and reducing pollution requires costly efforts and collaboration from society. This research examines individuals' willingness to financially contribute to air quality enhancement. Factors influencing their willingness to pay are also studied. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the government and municipal authorities impose taxes and levies on polluting sectors, considering the calculated value of air pollution and its sources. Educational programs tailored to diverse educational backgrounds, along with technology and social media, can raise environmental awareness among youth. Developing cost-effective public transportation systems and providing discounts for low-income individuals can also help reduce pollution. Financial programs and incentives for cleaner resources are another solution for improving air quality.
A. Nikoukar; M. Hosseinzadeh; Z. Nematollahi
Abstract
Introduction: The first step in any planning is recognition of the actual condition and the main tool to know the present situation and move towards to the ideal conditions is the access to data and information. This study, tried to study fish consumption status and identify the factors affecting it ...
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Introduction: The first step in any planning is recognition of the actual condition and the main tool to know the present situation and move towards to the ideal conditions is the access to data and information. This study, tried to study fish consumption status and identify the factors affecting it in Sari and Mashhad Cities.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected through interviews and questionnaire and were analyzed using ordered Logit model. Often dependent variables are ordinal, but are not continuous in the sense that the metric used to code the variables is substantively meaningful. A widely used approach to estimating models of this type is an ordered response model, which almost allows employing the Logistic link function. This model is thus often referred to as the "ordered Logit" model. The central idea is that there is a latent continuous metric underlying the ordinal responses observed by the analyst. Thresholds divides the real line into a series of regions corresponding to the various ordinal categories. The latent continuous variable, y* is a linear combination of some predictors, x, plus a disturbance term that has a standard Logistic distribution. Similar to the models for binary data, we are concerned with how changes in the predictors translate into the probability of observing a particular ordinal outcome. In this model, the dependent variable is divided to different classes. Coefficients cannot be interpreted directly; so for evaluating the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, marginal effect or marginal probability is calculated. independent variables are: Family size, Age, Price of fish, Price of meat, Price of chicken, Education, The number of people under 10 years, The number of people with specific diseases, The number of elderly, Income level, Job, Factor related to taste, Factors related to the access and ease of preparation of fish, Factors related to preparation and cook and Factors related to aquatic health.
Results and Discussion: Households, based on the frequency of buying aquatic (fish, shrimp and canned), are divided into four groups: households with no annual, monthly and weekly consumption of aquatic. So we ran order Logit model for these groups. Pseudo R2 Shows that the order Logit model has a high level of goodness of fit, and the independent variables used in the models explain 12% and 14% variations in the probability of Mashhadian and Saravian households at different levels of consumption. The value of the χ2 statistic in Wald test also indicates the significance of the whole regression. The estimated results of ordered Logit model showed that variables of the number of children under 10 years, the number of people with specific diseases, the number of elderly and income level have the positive impact on fish consumption in Sari. Variables of residential area and the number of children under 10 years have a positive impact on fish consumption in Mashhad. In other words, increasing these variables, increases the probability of fish consumption in these cities. Age has the negative impact on fish consumption in Sari. Also, factors associated with taste, factors related to lack of knowledge of preparation and cooking aquatic and factors related to the health of aquatics have a negative impact on fish consumption in Mashhad. This means that increasing these variables, puts households at lower levels of fish consumption. In such a way, the habitat of coastal towns towards non-coastal cities, reduces the probability of households to be in the low-level of aquatic consumption. This is due to the lower price of fish in coastal cities and access to fresh fish in these cities. The likelihood of Mashhadian households in the low-levels (no use) of aquatic consumption was reduced by 0.308 and increases the probability of households in annual, monthly and weekly of aquatic consumption, with increase in the residential area level by 0.091, 0.192 and 0.025 respectively. The likelihood of Sarian households in high- level of aquatic consumption (weekly and monthly) was increase by 0.120 and 0.395, with increase in the number of people with specific diseases, respectively. Increasing the income level of households also reduces the probability of Sarian households in the low-level (no use) of aquatic consumption group by about 0.0000006.
Conclusions: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting fish consumption in Sari and Mashhad Cities. For this purpose, data was collected through interviews and questionnaire and were analyzed using ordered Logit model. The estimated results of ordered Logit model showed that variables of the number of children under 10 years, the number of people with specific diseases, the number of elderly and income level have a positive impact on fish consumption in Sari. However, variables of residential area and the number of children under 10 years have a positive impact on fish consumption in Mashhad. In other words, increasing these variables, increases the probability of fish consumption in these cities. But factors associated with taste, factors related to lack of knowledge of preparation and cooking aquatic and factors related to the health of aquatics have the negative impact on fish consumption in Mashhad. Based on the results, holding the training classes of fish cooking for enthusiasts and creation of aquatics Markets to supply of aquatic have been proposed.
H. Aghasafari; A. Karbasi
Abstract
Introduction: The consumer has an important situation in a market. Therefore, the adoption and success of developed marketing strategies, marketing mix, and other marketing programs among consumers strongly depend on the company’s ability to correctly understand consumer’s needs and expectations ...
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Introduction: The consumer has an important situation in a market. Therefore, the adoption and success of developed marketing strategies, marketing mix, and other marketing programs among consumers strongly depend on the company’s ability to correctly understand consumer’s needs and expectations as well as on properly detection and identifying individual factors and stimuli influencing consumers when purchasing products for the purpose of reaching their satisfaction. Brand is a tool to position a product or a service with consistent image of quality to ensure the development of repeating customer preferences. Companies spend a lot of money and time on the branding and thus they need to evaluate the effect of brand on consumer buying behavior. Several factors influence the choice of a brand by consumers. In this study, attitudes toward branded rice and their interaction impact on consumer purchase behavior are assessed.
Materials and Methods: This study has used the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) has been derived from the classical comparative methods that John Stuart Mill theorized in 1843 and Ragin developed and popularized the method in his seminal work. Rather than estimate the net effects of single variables, QCA employs Boolean logic to examine the relationship between an outcome and all binary combinations of multiple predictors. The advantage of QCA is that it allows the researcher to find distinct combinations of causal variables that, in turn, suggest different theoretical pathways to given outcomes. Traditionally, QCA was considered appropriate for relatively small samples, but a QCA with larger samples is technically possible and can produce meaningful results. QCA might be considered an alternative to regression analysis for samples of any size. QCA is better than regressions when the links are complex, i.e., when they are anticipated to involve conjunctural causation, asymmetric links, and equifinality. QCA is also better than regressions when you try to estimate how much a particular factor influences the outcome. As the variables are metric, the appropriate variant of QCA is fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). To analyze the complex causality in the data, essentially you need to proceed in five steps. In the present study, in order to assess the effect of consumer attitude toward branded rice on purchasing of this kind of rice, was used questionnaire tool to collect data through simple random sampling method.
Results and Discussion: Results show that 27 combinations from different attitudes indicate 20 percent of consumer according to ABCDE combination are strongly agree with all attitude toward branded rice and their agreement cause to purchase branded rice. After this, the highest percentage is related to 16% consumers with AbcDE combination. This means that consumers’ agreement with better flavor, better packaging and availability of branded rice cause to purchase branded rice. Finally, 32 combinations have been collapsed into three combinations. In the first and second combination, high agreement with better flavor of branded rice and low agreement with better packaging of branded rice effect on branded rice consumption. In the first combination, these two conditions have been combined with low agreement with enhancing the social status by consuming branded rice that obtained combination explain 26 percent probability of branded rice consumption. In the second combination, these two conditions have been combined with low agreement with availability of branded rice that explain 30 percent probability of branded rice consumption. However, the third combination only by low agreement with overpriced of branded rice or in other words high agreement with proper price of branded rice explains 53 percent probability of branded rice consumption.
Conclusions: The Findings indicated that high agreement with proper price of branded rice with the highest rate of coverage effects on purchasing of branded rice. Therefore, it is suggested that producers of branded rice, in order to increase market share, offer better prices than their competitors. The combination of attitudes high agreement with desirable flavor of branded rice, low agreement with proper packaging of branded rice and low agreement with availability of branded rice with a 30% coverage rate is in the second place in influencing on the tend to buy branded rice. So, it is recommended that producers of branded rice have more attention to the flavor of rice, try to design packaging coordinated by needs of consumers and take action to better distribution of branded rice in the city.
A.R. Koocheki; M. Ghorbani; H. Mansori; M. Rajabzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Food consumption patterns are changing as a result of health and environmental issues. Subsequently, farmers are under increasing pressure to develop and utilize less toxic production methods and pest control. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ...
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Introduction: Food consumption patterns are changing as a result of health and environmental issues. Subsequently, farmers are under increasing pressure to develop and utilize less toxic production methods and pest control. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity, and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. In general, no chemicals are used on organic farms. These materials are disregarded in soil preparation, plant nutrition’s, storage, processing, and sale. In other words, organic agriculture is a kind of farming, which aims to established an integrated agriculture system which has no interference with environmental and economic benefits. Therefore, organic agriculture is the sustainable system of food production. Diverse climate and crops and animal in Iran have created potentials for the establishment and development of organic farming. However, on the production side, many farmers still hesitate to adopt organic farming due to the lack of information on market demand and the profitability of organic farming. In other words, despite benefits for this type of production in recent years development of markets requires analysis and understanding behavior pattern of consumers fruits and vegetable are very important as far as production and consumption are concerned. Based on the reports from FAO fruit production in Iran in the year 2010 were 3.5 million tons and vegetable production was 16.351 million tons. There have been a considerable number of studies on organic consumers in many countries, especially in Europe and other western countries and many studies have found a variety of factors that can potentially influence organic food consumption. Consumer behavior involves a complex and sophisticated pattern that requires marketing research in order to understand the process. The basic idea behind consumer research is the questioning of consumers about their reasons for buying, however, researchers have to go deeper and also ask people how and in which circumstances they purchase and consume. Consumer behavior consists of ideas, feelings, experiences and actions, along with additional environmental factors like advertisements and price. The major goal of this study was to model components influencing consumer’s preferences of organics fruits and vegetables in Mashhad and to provide information that is needed for the organic food industry to expand its market and improve its profitability
Materials and Methods: This study examines components influencing consumer’s preferences of organics fruits and vegetables using a multivariate probit model with seemingly unrelated equation. Application of multivariate probit model is normally used when two related decisions are decided upon by a decision maker or different decision makers. The model is based on this assumption that two decisions (in this study: the willingness to pay for organic fruit and for organic vegetables) have an interactive correlation. Simple random sampling was applied and total observation of 200 was selected. The data were collected by completing the questionnaire in (2012) throughout Mashhad residents. The software used for the estimation multivariate probit model was Sata 12.
Results: The results showed that the education level of consumers, information about the supply of organic product in Mashhad, the importance of product appearance and importance of nutrition value are variables which have a significant effect on the simultaneous probability of willingness to pay for organic fruits and vegetables. Regarding the results, attention to the promotion of product appearance, increasing the nutrition content and accessibility to the product in the market to consumers are advised. Conclusion: In this study, willingness to pay higher prices for organic fruits and vegetables was examined. Due to budgetary constraints and prioritization of households to buy organic fruits or vegetables and considering the potential impact of demand for organic products on demand for other products, multivariate probit (SUR_PROBIT) was used.
M.R. Kohansal; A. Firoozzare
Abstract
Advertisement is one of the most fundamental actions of marketing process and one of the most extensive areas of marketing systems. If firms select proper procedures, appropriate and targeted advertisement through using the knowledge, expertise and experience in their marketing process, they can ,in ...
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Advertisement is one of the most fundamental actions of marketing process and one of the most extensive areas of marketing systems. If firms select proper procedures, appropriate and targeted advertisement through using the knowledge, expertise and experience in their marketing process, they can ,in addition to promoting the welfare of customers, gain huge capital for their own firm. Therefore, before conducting any advertisement, it is necessary to identify effective socio-economic factors on making impressible goods. In this regard, this research, by applying multiple-group discriminate analysis for the gathered data of 201 food customers of Mashhad selected by the simple random sampling method in the year 2012, has investigated these factors. Results showed that age, marital status, education level and income level are the most important variables on discriminating between the customers influenced by sellers and the customers influenced by media. In addition, household dimension, average rate of consumption and gender are the most important variables on discriminating between the customers influenced by friends and acquaintances and the customers influenced by sellers and media.
M. Tabaraee; Kh. Parsapoor; S. Abed
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study is investigating factors affect on probability of Willingness to pay sugar beet farmers for taking of agricultural extension services. logit model was used for cross sectional data in 2009 between 150 sugar beet farmers that were selected by random sampling in the city ...
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is investigating factors affect on probability of Willingness to pay sugar beet farmers for taking of agricultural extension services. logit model was used for cross sectional data in 2009 between 150 sugar beet farmers that were selected by random sampling in the city of Mashhad. In addition, tobit model was used to analyse factors affecting on Willingness to pay beet farmers for taking of agricultural extension services. Results of both model showed that age, experience in sugar beet cultivation and household size have negative and significant effect and education, cultivated area, yield, farm ownership, net revenue of sugar beet, need to extension services and concurrence of extension services have positive and significant effect on probability of Willingness to pay for agricultural extension services. comparing aggregate elasticity among different variables in tobit model showed that need to extension services has the maximum effect in increasing and farmer, s age has the maximum effect in decreasing Willingness to pay for taking of agricultural extention services respectively. According to results, implementation of semiprivate extension between great farmers, Forming associations and cooperatives for yeomen to pay extension costs as a group, Making diversity in the type and method of offering extension service based on age, experience and education suggested.
A. Ghadiri Moghadam; A. Nemati
Abstract
چکیدهدر این پژوهش با استفاده از دادههای حاصل از 107 نفر از اعضای تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی، درجه اهمیت تنگناهای پیشروی تعاونیهای تولیدی با بهرهگیری از معیار ...
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چکیدهدر این پژوهش با استفاده از دادههای حاصل از 107 نفر از اعضای تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی، درجه اهمیت تنگناهای پیشروی تعاونیهای تولیدی با بهرهگیری از معیار آنتروپی بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان میدهد که نبود برنامهریزی جامع بلندمدت از سوی مدیران و اعضای تعاونیها در زمینه اقدامات بازاریابی در زمان تولید محصولات و پس از تولید با وزن (1/0)، وجود عوامل واسطهای و دلالان در هنگام فروش محصول از سوی تعاونیها با وزن (0727/0) و عدم بکارگیری نیروهای متخصص از سوی تعاونیها در مقوله خرید و فروش محصول با وزن (0690/0) به ترتیب به عنوان مهمترین و موثرترین تنگناها در ناکارایی نظام بازاریابی تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی میباشند. با توجه به یافتهها، برگزاری کلاسهای آموزشی برای مدیران و اعضای تعاونیها در رابطه با اصول و روشهای صحیح بازاریابی، اتخاذ سیاستها و راهبردهای کوتاهمدت و بلندمدت حمایتی و هدایتی ویژه از سوی دولت در جهت کاهش فعالیت واسطههای توزیع محصولات کشاورزی و در نهایت حذف آنها، فراهم نمودن زمینههای مناسب برای انتقال تجارب و تخصص تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی موفق در فرایند بازاریابی به سایر تعاونیهای تولیدی، و استفاده از نیروهای مجرب و تحصیلکرده در تعاونیها، به عنوان عوامل موثر بر تقویت و قدرت نظام بازاریابی تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی پیشنهاد میشود.
N. Khajeh Roshanaei; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; Gh.R. Mohtashami
Abstract
Abstract Reform of pricing system based on economic value of water in agricultural sector is one of the most efficient tools of demand management, which led to arrangement of water consumption model. It is hoped that demand of water and its waste decrease by reforming water tariffs in agricultural sector; ...
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Abstract Reform of pricing system based on economic value of water in agricultural sector is one of the most efficient tools of demand management, which led to arrangement of water consumption model. It is hoped that demand of water and its waste decrease by reforming water tariffs in agricultural sector; and ground of saving for water is prepared. Current paper in this direction, for defining economic value of agricultural water applied production function method in wheat in Mashhad. In this method, Classic and General Maximization Entropy approaches are applied for estimating coefficients of production function. Results showed that Entropy approach wasn’t able to estimate accurately coefficients of functions and it couldn’t use its results for obtaining economic value of water. Whereas, in classic approach, Translog among different forms of functions was selected, as the best function form in wheat crop, and the economic value of water was calculated in 1870 Rials.