Agricultural Economics
A. Sani Heidary; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; M. Sabouhi Sabouni; H. Mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction
Considering being located in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, Iran is influenced by the most severe impacts of drought. Drought is considered a major threat to the livelihood of rural households. During the recent drought, rural households faced significant losses and hardships, ...
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Introduction
Considering being located in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, Iran is influenced by the most severe impacts of drought. Drought is considered a major threat to the livelihood of rural households. During the recent drought, rural households faced significant losses and hardships, underscoring their lack of preparedness for this natural hazard. Consequently, every society must take proactive measures to manage changes, mitigate threats, and respond effectively. A review of the country's drought management programs reveals that policymakers have consistently prioritized increased production, even amid the critical conditions of recent droughts. This focus on boosting production to meet the basic needs of a growing population has taken precedence over enhancing rural households' livelihoods and resilience. However, improving rural households' resilience in drought conditions hinges on prioritizing their capacity for adaptability and flexibility. Therefore, considering the sensitivity of the issue of resilience as a dominant approach effective on the dimensions of life and livelihood of rural households on the one hand and the lack of a comprehensive study on its underlying factors, on the other hand, this research seeks to answer two questions: First, what is the resilience level of rural households against drought? Second, what factors influence the resilience levels of rural households in drought conditions?
Materials and Methods
The statistical population of this study is 16,817 rural households in Zehak city, located in Sistan and Baluchistan province, which are strongly influenced by different climatic events such as drought, excessive heat, low rainfall and 120-day winds. A stratified random sampling method was used to determine the sample size. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size is estimated to be 376 households. Data were collected by completing multidimensional questionnaires along with semi-structured interviews from households in 2023. To measure the resilience capacity of rural households, the theoretical framework of TANGO based on the estimation of the three capacities of absorption, adaptation and transfer was used through the factor analysis method, in which attitudinal and mental aspects of resilience are also taken into account. Finally, partial proportional odds model has been used to evaluate the influencing factors on the resilience capacity of rural households.
Results and Discussion
The results of the state of resilience capacity of rural households in the region indicated that the average value of their resilience capacity is 26.27, which shows the low level of resilience capacity in the region. Also, the households of the region are in a bad situation based on the absorption, adaptation and transmission capacities, and the households of the region have a stronger transmission capacity than the absorption and adaptation capacity against drought. The results of grouping the resilience capacity of households reveal that 32.45% are in the vulnerable group, 28.19% are in the relative resilience group, 22.61% are in the resilient group and 16.76% are in the high resilience group. The results show that more than 60% of households are at very low levels of resilience. Finally, the partial proportional odds model results demonstrated that the variables of education of the head of the household, skill level in agricultural activities, savings, household income, number of household contacts with agricultural extension, membership of the head of the household in social groups and access to microcredits have a positive effect and variables of the value of the loss of agricultural products and the number of livestock lost have a negative effect on the resilience capacity of rural households against drought.
Conclusion
According to the findings, policy-makers should prioritize strengthening the variables that determine the resilience capacity and its dimensions in the implementation of drought management programs so that households can absorb drought shocks without damaging their basic components. Policy-makers should also target specific categories of risks, dimensions of vulnerability and resilience in different time periods (before, during, and after shock) in order to choose comprehensive strategies to build and increase resilience. For instance, before a shock, better access to early detection of emerging climate risks could help farmers plan their cropping activities accordingly. Access to climate information allows for forward-looking adaptation that reduces the impact of shocks and increases resilience.
Agricultural Economics
Sh. Zarif Moradian; M. Sabouhi Sabouni; M. Daneshvar Khakhki
Abstract
Introduction Given the growing global hunger in recent years, creating and increasing resilience among disadvantaged and impoverished communities, emphasized in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, is a significant concern to most countries. The term resilience is generally considered as the ...
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Introduction Given the growing global hunger in recent years, creating and increasing resilience among disadvantaged and impoverished communities, emphasized in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, is a significant concern to most countries. The term resilience is generally considered as the capacity of a system to withstand various risks, and household resilience can be defined as the ability to return to the previous level of living conditions after a shock. Since one of the most critical shocks that farmers have faced in Iran is drought, the present study aimed to estimate the effect of drought on rural farmers’ household resilience in a selected village in Qalandar Abad district in Iran. Materials and Methods The factor analysis method was used to estimate the components of the Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the Mimic (Multiple indicators_ multiple causes) method was used to estimate the latent variable of resilience. RIMA, which considers resilience as a latent variable, includes four main components of Access to Basic Services (ABS), Assets (AST), Social Safety Nets (SSN), and Adaptive Capacity (AC). Also, according to the purpose of the study on estimating the resilience of rural households with the MIMIC method, at least two food security indicators at the household level, as multiple indicators of resilience, are required. The food security indices used in the calculations of this study include the Household Hunger Scale Index and the household Food Consumption Score. The samples included 149 farmers randomly selected from Hossein Abad Rekhneh Gol village, and data were collected through interviews with the household head. To reveal the effect of different shocks on the rural resilience households, self-reported information such as drought, livestock loss, and the characteristics of the households were used through an Ordinary Last Square regression. Results and Discussion In the first stage, each of the pillars of resilience, including Access to Basic Services, Assets, Social Safety Nets, and Adaptive Capacity, which are considered latent variables, shows a higher correlation between the variables, and the calculated pillars indicate the greater importance of that variable in each of the resilience components. According to the results, among the variables that constitute the pillar of access to basic services, "the distance from the household to the health center" variable correlates with this pillar, which indicates its high importance. In addition, the "attending school years" is one of the most important variables in forming and creating the adaptive capacity of a household to the crises ahead. The agricultural water availability and the total yield during a year play an important role in creating the asset pillar. Regarding creating the social safety nets pillar, as we expected, the governmental cash transfers, through monthly subsidies, the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, and the State Welfare Organization of Iran, is the most crucial variable. The results obtained from the food consumption (FCS) score index showed that 117 out of 149 studied households are within the acceptable threshold, 28 households are on the borderline, and four households are in a poor food consumption situation. The Hunger Scale Index showed that out of 149 households, 62 households are on the little to no hunger threshold, while 81 households are on the moderate hunger and six households are on the severe hunger threshold. Also, based on the results of the MIMIC model, among the calculated pillars, household assets is the most important. The increase of one standard deviation unit in AST will increase 0.06 standard deviation units in the resilience capacity index. Adaptive capacity and social safety nets pillars also play a significant role in creating resilience for rural households. Thus, increasing one standard deviation in the AC and SSN led to an increase in the magnitude of the resilience by 0.04 and 0.03 standard deviations, respectively. Finally, the effect of different shocks on the rural resilience households showed that variables such as drought, livestock loss, and gender of household head (being female) have a negative effect on their resilience. The size of the household has a positive impact, which means that the more family members, the more resilience. Conclusion One of the critical goals of underdeveloped and developing countries, is to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development. In Iran, like other developing countries, smallholder farmers are known to be vulnerable to environmental and economic changes such as climate change, rising prices of agricultural inputs, etc. Therefore, adopting and implementing policies that lead to a fair income distribution for vulnerable people is essential. Estimating the RIMA makes it possible to rank households based on their strengths, weaknesses, and current needs. Budget allocation and the policy time duration are two limiting factors that may optimize using the RIMA results. The present study examined the RIMA and the effect of drought on the calculated index for the first time in Iran for a specific region. Since the ranking of households based on resilience requires awareness of all vulnerable households' situations, the definition of short-term and long-term projects in the future development plans is essential. To identify "the most vulnerable groups" and "the most important challenges and shocks," these scheduled projects are vital for budget allocation prioritization.
E. Khanzadeh Shadlousofla; J. Janpoor; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; H. Mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: Mushrooms have valuable nutrients and physiological traits which has made it a suitable food for households. Among the various mushrooms, the King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) is considered as the best species among Oyster mushrooms, due to its superiority in stem and cap strength, thickness ...
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Introduction: Mushrooms have valuable nutrients and physiological traits which has made it a suitable food for households. Among the various mushrooms, the King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) is considered as the best species among Oyster mushrooms, due to its superiority in stem and cap strength, thickness and fleshiness of its white stem, long shelf life, good taste and aroma, and numerous nutritional and medicinal properties. In addition, the edible-medicinal mushroom of the King Oyster, due to its very low moisture content and high strength between the stem and the cap, has a very long shelf life compared to other mushrooms and is therefore introduced as a high durability product. The King Oyster can remain fresh for 15 to 18 days after harvesting in suitable storage conditions. Also, this mushroom which is produced without application of any fertilizer or toxins is widely used as a healthy food, and in many countries, including Korea, China and Japan, it is facing widespread consumer demand. Therefore, considering the numerous characteristics of King Oyster and its substitution with Button mushroom, the aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting household preferences for its replacement with Button mushroom.
Methodology: The study population of this research includes households living in Mashhad. As the edible-medicinal King Oyster mushroom is a special mushroom, this product is distributed only in some specific areas due to its unique features. Therefore, the Convenience sampling method was used. Sample size was determined based on the Morgan Table, and the highest volume, 400 samples, was selected to accurately assess consumer behavior. Also, the questionnaire was completed in 2019. Due to the sequential nature of household consumption preferences, the ordered logit model has been carried out to achieve the research objectives. The ordered logit model is a useful tool when the researcher seeks to analyze the behavior of consumers (households) in different groups.
Results and Discussion: In the present study, after creating a consumption experience for households that had not previously consumed the King Oyster, empirical findings showed that a significant percentage of households (47.5%) preferred to substitute the King Oyster for Button mushroom, and only 12.5% of households had low tendency to do that. The Brant test results showed that the values of the status parameters for all the dependent variables were constant and uniform, and in this respect, it is permissible to apply the Ordered Logit model. Our results indicated that variables such as household income, importance index of pre- and post-cooking appearance characteristics, food and medicine awareness index, sales promotion index, product accessibility index, and familiarity with the King Oyster had a positive and statistically significant effect on the probability of consumption. On the contrary, variables such as age of the head of household and price index of the King Oyster had negative and significant effect on the probability of being in groups with higher levels of consumption preferences.
Conclusion and Suggestions: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting household preferences for its replacement with Button mushroom. For this purpose, ordered logit model was applied in the households’ consumption in Mashhad city. Based on the results, the familiarity with the King Oyster mushroom had positive and significant effect on household consumption preferences, indicating that cognition and awareness of this product will increase household preference for substituting this mushroom for button mushroom. Thus, it is suggested that marketing policies and programs focus on introducing this product. In addition, creating a consumer experience for households initially led to familiarity and ultimately to the preference of the King Oyster rather than the button mushroom. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to create a consumer experience for households that have not yet consumed this product before. This can be done through King Oyster distribution stands as a useful tool in a well-designed program.
M. Davari Torshizi; M. Ghorbani; M. Daneshvar Kakhki
Abstract
Introduction: Almost all rural communities in Iran are exclusively engaged with agriculture, therefore farming remains the largest source of income for them. Agriculture can be a major driver of growth for the Iranian economy. Therefore, increasing factor productivity in the agricultural sector is essential ...
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Introduction: Almost all rural communities in Iran are exclusively engaged with agriculture, therefore farming remains the largest source of income for them. Agriculture can be a major driver of growth for the Iranian economy. Therefore, increasing factor productivity in the agricultural sector is essential and by growing population rate, the need to invent more productive systems is highlighted. In this regards, smallholder agriculture, which is marked by low productivity should be transformed into agribusiness corporations which could foster the income and productivity of enterprises. Regarding the effective role of agribusiness corporations in enhancing agricultural productivity, and providing livelihoods and employment in rural communities, this study aimed at investigating the impact of location decision, social and human capital factors on the longevity of an agribusiness corporation called Khezri Agribusiness Corporation located in Khezri Township from Sothern Khorasan province. The reason for choosing Khezri Corporation as the case study was that according to surveys, this corporation has been one of the most successful agricultural associations for many years and has been able to create job opportunities to stop migration towards big cities. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to expendably investigate the factors affecting the continuity of an agribusiness corporation in Iran.
Materials and Methods: In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a well-structured questionnaire has been designed according to the literature review and using the opinions of university professors and experts of Khezri Agricultural Corporation. In this study, location factors, social capital and human capital are three main structures that are assessed by providing the information extracted from the questionnaire, and then, the impact of each structure on the continuity of the corporation's activity has been investigated based on indexing method. Each of the structures consists of different dimensions, and each dimension is measured by a number of items or questions using a Likert spectrum. Simple random sampling procedure was used to obtain the size of sample. At the end, the sample size was estimated at 45. Applying a systematic random sampling technique, the respondents were selected and the final questionnaire was distributed among them. At the primary analysis, 15 questionnaires were excluded from the analysis due to the large size of missing information. A total of 30 questionnaires were selected for further analysis. It is worth noting that in most cases, the questionnaires were tried to be completed in the form of interviews to increase the accuracy of the work.
Results and Discussion: Study findings suggest that location, social and human capital factors are at a high level of importance in the studied corporation. From the viewpoint of respondents, social capital had the greatest impact on the longevity of the corporation, followed by location and human capital. Furthermore, the communication dimension in social capital, the infrastructure factors in the location decision and the non-cognitive abilities in the human capital have been identified as the most influential components on the longevity of Khezri Agricultural Company's activities. Among the infrastructural factors, the criterion of "existence of basic resources" such as water wells, aqueducts, qanats, underground aquifers, etc. is the most effective criterion. According to 93.3% of respondents, this factor has a moderate to high impact on the corporation's location.
Conclusion: We recommend effective communication and planning in improvement of communication between organizational units and communication between managers and employees needs to be strengthened. Internalization of the organization's vision, mission, and goals, implementing a goal-based management plan, and applying the suggestion system in the organization and investing in formal and organized training are recommended as well to sustain the agribusiness corporations. It must be noted that given that the findings of this study are largely in line with the research background, its recommendations are expected to be applicable to the other agricultural business corporations in Iran. In addition, as we formerly discussed in the introduction of this paper,despite the benefits of agricultural corporations, few of these companies are currently active in the country. Therefore, analysis of factors affecting farmers’ decision to be involved in establishing agribusiness corporations should be the subject of future research.
L. Hassani; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; M. Sabouhi Sabouni
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last two decades, awareness of resilience and sustainability and also efforts to reduce unsustainable production patterns have significantly increased. Hence, it is crucial to examine the resilience and sustainability of production systems. Resilience explains how well production ...
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Introduction: Over the last two decades, awareness of resilience and sustainability and also efforts to reduce unsustainable production patterns have significantly increased. Hence, it is crucial to examine the resilience and sustainability of production systems. Resilience explains how well production systems withstand and/or rebound from aberration. Sustainability concept based on Commission’s words is: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The important issue relevant to resilience and sustainability and the resilience of farms/agricultural systems is, whether resilience or sustainability can be considered as a property of a system or needs to be understood as a process. Since both of them are not essentially opposed but have various theoretical and methodological implications, it is necessary to define a resilience and sustainability indicator. So, it is required to have an intelligent objective function for fairly balancing between production systems and dimensions of sustainable production to fulfill economic benefit and the resulting environmental benefit, etc. Based on the existing published literature, studies focusing on both resilience and sustainability indicators in industrial dairy farms by using multi-objective non-linear programming and swarm intelligence algorithm have not been carried out. Therefore, it is the aim of the present study to design the “automata resilience and sustainability indicator” for industrial dairy farms. The objective function has a hierarchical structure and in order to integrate these pillars into a single score, a value between zero and one, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used that the value of one means complete sustainability.
Material and Methods: The objective function should be maximized which has 5 main indicators including, environmental, economic, social, technological and political issues. Each indicator has some sub-indicators. So, we designed and modeled formulas for all of them. The value of objective function is normalized, therefore, its maximum possible value is "one", which indicates the complete resilience and sustainability of dairy farms. The resilience and sustainability indicator is obtained at three levels. Eight types of constraint sets are considered. Then, the model has been implemented using data of 30[1] industrial dairy farms in Khorasan-Razavi province of Iran during 2016.
Results and Discussion: The resilience and sustainability indicator across all farms was obtained 0.43 and which was low. One of the main reasons of unsustainability and inflexibility of dairy farms under study is the unsuitable use of resources and inputs. Therefore, the proposed model (Automata Resilience and Sustainability Indicator Model) was designed and optimized. Based on result the optimum resilience and sustainability achievable for the proposed dairy farm is 0.9598 (95.98%). Thus, the proposed model succeeds in determining the dairy farms' resilience and sustainability. Furthermore, it helps in setting up other operational parameters as determining the amount of cow manure produced, the man-working hours and labor expenditure. The obtained results should be further used as guidance for improving the resilience and sustainability of the manufacturing operation in dairy farms.
Conclusions: This study has introduced a formulation for a resilience and sustainability problem in process of production in the industrial dairy farm. The contribution of the proposed formulation is its ability to addresses all pillars of resilience and sustainability at the producing level. One of the main advantages of the proposed measure of resilience and sustainability is data collection that relies on data usually collected in all farms for revenue and cost analysis, cattle diet and quality control. This fact makes the model applicable to facilities introducing resilience and sustainability concepts. Thus contributes to promoting the implementation of sustainable practices in agricultural production, especially in developing countries, where still have a lack of resilience and sustainability awareness and related legislation. Using weight is important to the application of the objective function and also makes the model suitable for its intended usage in the dairy farms of developing countries. This model is applicable in the area of the optimum dairy cattle nutrition, rising profitability, reducing feed cost, decreasing GHG, managing the water and energy consumption, etc., by maximizing resilience and sustainability in dairy farms. Additionally, the results allow also for identifying the prospective measures for improving resilience and sustainability. Through results analysis, a strategy for developing resilience and sustainability can be well defined. Furthermore, the current research can be extended by integrating the model with life cycle assessment results, another producer support policies, dairy farms' capacity expansions and could also be applicable to other forms of agricultural systems by a bit changes in the decision variables and model parameters.
4- This data was gathered based on non-random sampling. Because, in non-random sampling, the sample individuals are selected among individuals who have a defined characteristics and based on researcher's opinion. The proposed model is designed for a sample dairy unit. In other words, the data obtained from non-random sampling were used only to determine the status of the studied samples.
S.M. Sayedi; M. Daneshvar Kakhki
Abstract
Cotton as a strategic product plays an important role inthe economy of Boshrouyehwhere is known as the major cotton producing center of Khorasan-e-Jonoubi. In this paper, efficiency of Boshroyeh cotton farms in 2007 have been calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and determinants of efficiency ...
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Cotton as a strategic product plays an important role inthe economy of Boshrouyehwhere is known as the major cotton producing center of Khorasan-e-Jonoubi. In this paper, efficiency of Boshroyeh cotton farms in 2007 have been calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and determinants of efficiency were identified using Tobit regression analysis. The data was collected from questionnaires filled in by 65 Cotton farmers in Boshrouyeh who were distributed in three groups. According to the DEA results, averages of technical, allocative, cost and profit efficiency scores were measured by0.86, 0.80, 0.70 and 0.43, respectively. Tobit regression estimates indicate that incoming water flow to farms and farm size has positive and significant impact on the economic efficiency, while numbers of spraying significantly reduces the economic efficiency. Education does not havea significant impact on the economic efficiency.Ultimately, the study suggests land consolidation, training and technology transfer to provide appropriate conditions to produce cotton, efficiently.
M. Daneshvar Khakhki; R. Heidari kamalabadi
Abstract
Abstract
This study is an attempt to investigate the influence of targeting subsidies on price transmission pattern in Iran's egg market. The targeting subsidies plan was imposed by 20 December 2010. Using of daily Price time series data, the study was conducted during December 2009 to October 2011. ...
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Abstract
This study is an attempt to investigate the influence of targeting subsidies on price transmission pattern in Iran's egg market. The targeting subsidies plan was imposed by 20 December 2010. Using of daily Price time series data, the study was conducted during December 2009 to October 2011. Using ECM model, price transmission models were estimated for the two periods (e.g. before and after imposing the targeting subsidies plan. Results present a decrease in the transmission speed of increasing and decreasing of the wholesale price after the targeting subsidies plan. Comparison between significant levels of negative and non-negative residuals variables indicated that negative deviations from long-run equilibrium relationship are not adjustable. Having compared the price transmission elasticities in long run with short run, the amount and value of transmission elasticities has been reducing after imposing the targeting subsidies plan. The comparison of symmetric price transmission tests show that the targeting subsidies plan lead to the asymmetric of price transmission Iran's egg market. It is concluded that improvement of infrastructure, reduction of government intervention and creating producers’ cooperation is effective to improve the daily price transmission of Iran's egg market.
Keywords: Targeting of subsidies, Price transmission, ECM model, Egg, Iran
A. Bakhshi; R. Moghaddasi; M. Daneshvar Kakhki
Abstract
Abstract
Management of water resources in Iran is faced with growing demand for water resources, a considerable increase in the costs of supplying additional water and uncontrolled exploitation of underground waters. Economists suggest water pricing to improve water use efficiency; however, government ...
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Abstract
Management of water resources in Iran is faced with growing demand for water resources, a considerable increase in the costs of supplying additional water and uncontrolled exploitation of underground waters. Economists suggest water pricing to improve water use efficiency; however, government tends to reject that advice due to political risk, economic and cultural concerns. We used a positive mathematical programming (PMP) model at farm level, to analyze the different effects caused by the implementation of water pricing and alternative polices on irrigated agriculture in the Mashhad plain (Khorasan Razavi Province). Three policy options including water pricing, water complementary input factor taxes, and output taxes were examined. The effects of alternative policies are strongly dependent on group of farmers and that would create widespread effects on farm income, water savings and cropping pattern. Water pricing and output tax policies are better suited and effective than water complementary input factor taxation but both input factor tax and output tax policy at certain rates can be alternatives to water pricing policy.
Keywords: Water, Positive Mathematical Programming, Mashhad plain, Alternative policy
A. Dourandish; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; A. Rahnema
Abstract
Abstract
Barberry is one of the most important products of South Khorasan Province. The objective of this study is analyzing the qualitative factors affecting the price of barberry in this province. Survey data from 100 questionnaires using simple random sampling of households in the city of Birjand, ...
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Abstract
Barberry is one of the most important products of South Khorasan Province. The objective of this study is analyzing the qualitative factors affecting the price of barberry in this province. Survey data from 100 questionnaires using simple random sampling of households in the city of Birjand, 1389 has been completed, was extracted. Results of the estimating Hedonic Price Model show that puff and a pretty color of barberry and also consumers’ knowledge about barberry properties have positive and significant impact on the price of barberry but the impact of brand and package on the price of barberry are not statistically significant. Thus we suggest to aware producers about consumers’ taste and utility and aware consumers about the properties of the barberry.
KeyWords: South Khorasan Province, Barberry, Consumers’ taste, Qualitative Factors
H. Hatef; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; A.A. Sarvari
Abstract
Abstract
Iran is among the country that despite the possession of valuable natural resources does not placed in developed countries. Expansion of agricultural exports through the development of rural areas, reducing poverty and exclusion zones, In the process of economic development plays a key role. ...
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Abstract
Iran is among the country that despite the possession of valuable natural resources does not placed in developed countries. Expansion of agricultural exports through the development of rural areas, reducing poverty and exclusion zones, In the process of economic development plays a key role. The export of horticultural products can have a positive impact on agricultural development. In this study we estimated comparative advantage of export for thirteen horticultural crops (Pistachios, grapes, dates, apples, almonds, walnuts, orange, peach, apricot, cherry, tangerine, kiwi and lemon) in the period from 1340-86 with Using information contained in the Food and Agriculture Organization and applying index of RCA, RSCA and X2 . After that the index changes are forecasted for the fourth time. The result show that we have Comparative advantage of export for Pistachios and dates while Grapes, oranges, peaches and apricots have no comparative advantage for export. Also the result of forecast of this indexes in period of 1387-90 show that despite continuing of Comparative advantage for Pistachios and Dates and Lack of comparative advantage for Grapes, oranges, peaches and apricots.
Keywords: Comparative advantage of export, Superiority, Forecasts, Iran, Major horticultural crops
F. Rezapour; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; H. Mohammadi
Abstract
چکیده
در این مطالعه، تقاضای گروه های اصلی خوراکی در مناطق شهری ایران برای دوره زمانی1361 تا 1386 بررسی شده است. بدین منظور از سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایده آل خطی (LA/AIDS)، شاخص ...
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چکیده
در این مطالعه، تقاضای گروه های اصلی خوراکی در مناطق شهری ایران برای دوره زمانی1361 تا 1386 بررسی شده است. بدین منظور از سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایده آل خطی (LA/AIDS)، شاخص تقریب خطی لاسپیرس و روش رگرسیون های به ظاهر نامرتبط (SUR) استفاده شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که متغیر متوسط جمعیت خانوار در بیشتر معادلات تأثیر معناداری بر تقاضای خانوار داشته است. قیود همگنی و تقارن نیز مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. یافته های مطالعه نشان داد که تمامی گروه های خوراکی مورد بحث دارای کشش های خودقیمتی منفی می باشند و به استثنای انواع گوشت، خشکبار، روغن ها و چربی ها و قند و شکر و شیرینی ها سایر گروه های کالایی بی کشش هستند و از میان آن ها حبوبات بی-کشش ترین و خشکبار باکشش ترین گروه می باشد. لذا، دولت می تواند از سیاست های قیمت گذاری در اعمال مدیریت بهینه تقاضا و اصلاح الگوی مصرف برای گروه های مذکور که مصرف آن ها نسبت به تغییرات قیمتشان حساسیت بالایی دارد، در درازمدت استفاده کند. همچنین، غلات و فرآورده های آن، انواع نان وتخم مرغ در سبد خوراکی خانوارهای شهری، جزو گروه های ضروری هستند و حذف ناگهانی یارانه از گروه های یارانه دار مطلوب نبوده و کاهش تدریجی آن توصیه می شود. انواع گوشت، میوه های تازه و سبزی های تازه لوکس و حبوبات نیز جزو گروه های پست به حساب آمده است.
طبقه بندیJEL : Q1, E21, D12, C51, C32
واژه های کلیدی: سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایده آل خطی (LA/AIDS)، شاخص قیمتی تقریب خطی لاسپیرس، متوسط جمعیت خانوار، کشش-های قیمتی و درآمدی، مناطق شهری
N. Khajeh Roshanaei; M. Daneshvar; Gh.R. Mohtashami
Abstract
Abstract
Reform of pricing system based on economic value of water in agricultural sector is one of the most efficient tools of demand management, which led to arrangement of water consumption model. It is hoped that demand of water and its waste decrease by reforming water tariffs in agricultural ...
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Abstract
Reform of pricing system based on economic value of water in agricultural sector is one of the most efficient tools of demand management, which led to arrangement of water consumption model. It is hoped that demand of water and its waste decrease by reforming water tariffs in agricultural sector; and ground of saving for water is prepared. Current paper in this direction, for defining economic value of agricultural water applied production function method in wheat in Mashhad. In this method, Classic and General Maximization Entropy approaches are applied for estimating coefficients of production function. Results showed that Entropy approach wasn’t able to estimate accurately coefficients of functions and it couldn’t use its results for obtaining economic value of water. Whereas, in classic approach, Translog among different forms of functions was selected, as the best function form in wheat crop, and the economic value of water was calculated in 1870 Rials.
Keywords: Economic value of water, Classic approach, General Maximization Entropy, Wheat, Mashhad