Agricultural Economics
M. Rezvani; M. Pendar; S.S. Hosseini; H. Rafiee
Abstract
Introduction
The economy of countries are always exposed to shocks, including the Covid-19 pandemic, which causes many problems. The Covid-19 pandemic had various effects and consequences in different sectors, including the agricultural sector. The decline in income and production, coupled with the ...
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Introduction
The economy of countries are always exposed to shocks, including the Covid-19 pandemic, which causes many problems. The Covid-19 pandemic had various effects and consequences in different sectors, including the agricultural sector. The decline in income and production, coupled with the loss of customers due to health quarantines and border closures, severely impacted farmers businesses and created many problems for activists of various sectors of the agriculture. One of the most important effects of the Covid-19 pandemic is the decline in global economic growth. This has led to increased unemployment, decreased purchasing power among the population, and consequently, a decrease in demand. According to the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on food demand resulting from disruptions in the supply chain and income shocks, this research aims to investigate the existence of a structural break in the preferences of Iranian consumers for livestock products (red meat, chicken, eggs, and milk) using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QAIDS) and the switching regression framework developed by Ohtani & Katayama (1986) during the period from Spring 2015 to Winter 2022.
Materials and Methods
Nonparametric and parametric approaches are utilized to investigate structural break in consumer preferences. This research employs parametric approaches and the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System to assess the structural break. The switching regression framework proposed by Ohtani and Katayama (1986) is utilized to model structural changes in preferences. In fact, a time transition function is incorporated into the demand system. Based on the characteristics of demand in the literature of structural changes, the Bewley likelihood-ratio test is applied to select an appropriate model. To evaluate the structural break and calculate the price and income elasticities, the price and per capita consumption data of livestock products are required, and in this research, seasonal time series data for the period of spring 2015 to winter 2022 have been used. The information related to the price of livestock products was obtained from the Joint Stock Company of the Support of Livestock Affairs. To obtain the per capita consumption, first, the information on the amount of production of red meat, chicken, milk, and egg are received from the joint stock company for livestock affairs. Then, by summing the amount of production and the amount of import of red meat, chicken, milk and eggs and deducting the amount of export from the said amount and dividing it by the population of the country, the amount of consumption per capita are calculated. The amount of export and import of red meat, chicken, milk and eggs is taken from the export and import report of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jihad), which is published monthly.
Results and Discussion
To estimate the system equations, one equation was removed, and the remaining equations were solved and estimated based on the removed equation. Accordingly, the equation related to milk was removed and the QAIDS with 33 parameters and three equations including those related to red meat, chicken and egg were estimated using the maximum likelihood estimator non-linearly. The results show the Based on the statistics of log-likelihood and DW the existence of a sudden structural break as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Comparing the Bewley likelihood-ratio test statistics calculated for an Non-Restricted QAIDS (with structural break) and a Restricted QAIDS (without structural break) with a critical χ^2 value with degrees of freedom of nine at the probability level of 5% indicates that the Non-Restricted QAIDS is selected as the appropriate functional form. Also, the results show that after the Covid-19 epidemic, the own price elasticity of red meat and chicken has increased significantly. Considering the high elasticity of the price of red meat, chicken and eggs after the Covid-19 epidemic, it is suggested that the government utilize price tools such as electronic coupon system to support consumers.
Conclusion
Due to the high cross-elasticity coefficients of demand for red meat, chicken and eggs after the Covid-19 pandemic, it can be expected that a change in the price of one of the red meat, chicken and egg products will significantly change the demand for the other product. Therefore, in case of a price increase in one of the products, it is suggested to consider special discounts for other products to support the consumers.
Agricultural Economics
F. Vajdi Hokm Abad; H. Rafiee; A.H. Chizari; S. Yazdani; S.S. Hosseini
Abstract
In contemporary marketing, maintaining and enhancing customer loyalty toward a company's products or services has become a primary focus. Among the factors influencing customer loyalty is ethical marketing, a field of applied ethics related to the principles governing behavior, advertising, and regulation ...
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In contemporary marketing, maintaining and enhancing customer loyalty toward a company's products or services has become a primary focus. Among the factors influencing customer loyalty is ethical marketing, a field of applied ethics related to the principles governing behavior, advertising, and regulation in marketing. Over the past two decades, ethical consumerism has grown in importance due to increasing social and environmental concerns. This study examines the impact of ethical components on Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) for dairy product consumers in Tehran in 2023. A total of 710 questionnaires were completed, and the GWRFM method was employed to extract the necessary information for calculating CLV. The results revealed a high frequency of clusters with low lifetime value. In the subsequent phase, multinomial logit regression was utilized to analyze the effect of ethical components on CLV, highlighting the significant positive impact of adherence to industry regulations and acceptance of social responsibility. Therefore, it is recommended that stakeholders in the dairy industry assure customers of their compliance with regulations and social responsibility to elevate them to higher-value clusters and foster loyalty. By respecting ethical norms, a substantial portion of consumers of cheese, yogurt, and ayran products may transition toward becoming valuable customers in this sector.
Z. Sarabi; V. Ansari; H. Salami; S.S. Hosseini
Abstract
Introduction: The exchange rate in Iran has experienced considerable increase with some fluctuations over last two decades. This has resulted in an increased cost of food production in Iran. Since, further increase in exchange rate is expected in the future, it is important to determine which groups ...
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Introduction: The exchange rate in Iran has experienced considerable increase with some fluctuations over last two decades. This has resulted in an increased cost of food production in Iran. Since, further increase in exchange rate is expected in the future, it is important to determine which groups of agricultural products, produced in different agricultural sub-sectors, are more sensitive to these changes and also to specify the major paths through which exchange rate increase is transmitted to different agricultural products. The main objective of this study is to provide explanations for these questions.Materials and Methods: To achieve the objectives of the study, a social accounting matrix (SAM) has been constructed based on the latest Iranian Input-Output Table released in 2011 by the Statistical Center of Iran. This SAM is a 110× 110 matrix and consists of different accounts. Three accounts for factors of production (labor, land and capital), 6 household accounts (rural and urban households divided into three groups of low, middle and high income), one government account, one capital account, one account for rest of the world, and finally, one account for commodities which includes 49 domestic commodities and 49 imported commodities. To trace the effects of changes in exchange rate on prices of different products, the matrix of SAM is transformed to a SAM-based price analytical model. Then, the structural path decomposition approach is used to specify the major paths through which the effects of increase in exchange rate are transferred to major agricultural products in different sub-sectors.Results and Discussion: Results of this study revealed that livestock and poultry products are the most responsive products to a shock on the exchange rate. Thus, the effect of the shock on the prices of these products is significant. Forestry and agricultural services are in the second place from this point of view. Crop farming products, fish and other fisheries products, and horticultural products are ranked on the next place. Since producing livestock and poultry products extensively depend on the imported feed materials, the production cost and consequently, the prices of the first group of products experience the highest increase. Subsidizing feed materials, following an exchange rate shock, or direct payment to the low income households’ group might be a way to mitigate the negative effects of the exchange rate shock on food security in Iran. The results of structural path analysis indicate that the effects of increase in exchange rate on the prices of agricultural products are mostly transmitted through increasing import prices in six main economic sectors namely; “materials and chemical products”, “crop farming products”, “food products” “textiles, leather and their products”, “the machinery and equipment” and “hotel and restaurant services”. However, impacts of the above sectors on prices are not the same in all agricultural subsectors. Price of “crop farming products” is mostly affected by prices of imported “crop farming products” as well as “materials and chemical products”. Prices of “horticultural products” and “forestry and agricultural services” are mainly affected by increasing prices of imported “materials and chemical products”. On the other hand, price of “livestock and poultry products” changes considerably with increase in import prices of “crop farming products (raw materials)” and “food products”. Finally, price of “fish and other fishing products” is mostly affected by price of imported “food products”.Based on the results of structural path analysis, the paths through which exchange rate shock are transferred to the cost of production and consequently prices of agricultural products are two separate channels. Increase in import prices of “materials and chemical products”, “crop farming products” and “food products” is transmitted to the prices of agricultural products as these products are utilized as inputs in production process of agricultural products directly or indirectly. On the other hand, an increase in import prices of “textiles, leather and their products” and “the machinery and equipment” indirectly affects production cost of agricultural products by first stimulating an increase in prices of primary factors, following increased cost of living for owners of these inputs.Conclusion: To decrease the negative impact of exchange shock on prices of food products, different policies can be adopted, depending on the sectors playing the main role in increasing the cost of production and the path through which the shock is transmitted. Generally, subsidizing feed materials, following an exchange rate shock, through allocation of preferred exchange rate or supplying these materials with a subsidized price is recommended for the products such as poultry products in which most of the feeding materials are imported. On the other hand, direct payment to the low income households’ group might be a way to mitigate the negative effects of the exchange rate shock on food security in cases that most of the increased cost of production comes from increase in the cost of primary inputs.
Y. Rostami; S.S. Hosseini; R. Moghaddasi
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, price transmission analysis either spatially or vertically among separated markets has increasingly been drawn by methods that account not only for common non-stationary but also, for nonlinear dynamics in co-integration relationship of price series. If the price transmission ...
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Introduction: In recent years, price transmission analysis either spatially or vertically among separated markets has increasingly been drawn by methods that account not only for common non-stationary but also, for nonlinear dynamics in co-integration relationship of price series. If the price transmission is asymmetric among the specific stages of the supply chain, the price changes will not be affected quickly at the production level through the processing and/or retail level. A positive (negative) price asymmetry occurs, when a decrease (increase) is not immediately transmitted in prices at the farm level; whereas, an increase (decrease) would influence final consumer rapidly. Asymmetric price transmission is crucial because it influences welfare negatively. Prices allow producers and consumers to decide synchronously and also, leave the doors open for scarce resources to be allocated influentially. The transition from a planned economy to a market one mostly causes price liberalization come into play. However, price liberalization not only improves resource allocation but also, brings about higher price instability in comparison with an administrative system with fixed prices.
Materials and Methods: Many popular modeling techniques used to analyze vertical price transmission were initially investigated by using variations of a model which was first developed by Wolffram (1971) and later modified by Houck (1977), that known as a traditional approach in price transmission studies. The response of the retail price (RP) to a shock in the farm price (FP) was calculated by estimating the following equation:
Where:
and lnPr is the log of retail price , lnPf is the log of farm price, are the increases and decreases of the price at the farm respectively. M1 and M2 are legs duration and is coefficient of increase or decrease on retail price.
Markov-switching vector error correction model:
The Markov-switching vector error correction model (MSVECM) is a special case of the general Markov-switching vector autoregressive model which was initially proposed by Hamilton (1989) for analyzing the U.S. business cycle. The applicability of this model is, however, not restricted to this specific research question. Consequently, it can be viewed as a general framework for analyzing time series with different regimes whenever the corresponding state variable is not observed. According to the state of the system, MSVECM with shifts in some of the parameters can be expected to be more appropriate in this setting:
here, pt = (pft ,pmt)’ is the vector of market prices for farm (superscript f) and retail (superscript r), respectively, denotes the vector of intercept terms, α is the vector of adjustment coefficients, β is the co-integrating (long-run equilibrium) vector, ∆ indicates first differences, and D1, D2, … , Dk are matrices of short-run coefficients. The vector contains the residual errors of the farm and the retail equations.
Results and Discussion:-Houck`s model: The estimated parameters of the final Houck`s model are presented in Table 2
Table 2-Houck model results (dependent variable: retail price)
Price
transmission
Test
result
Valed
test
long run coefficient
Price change
Dec. Inc.
Short run coefficient
Price change
Dec. Inc.
Variable
Asymmetry
H0 riject
14.24
0.89 0.99
0.61 0.73
producer price
Source: Research findings
Markov-switching vector error correction model:
The number of regimes and lags were determined according Akaike information criterion. Therefore, a model with two regimes with three lags has finally been chosen and estimated. Adjustment pace, residual standard errors and the resulting margin in the long-run relation (which may be calculated from the estimated coefficient for the regime-specific constant and the corresponding adjustment rate coefficient estimation) allowed a more detailed interpretation of the single regimes to be put. Two regime equations are as follows:
Regime 1 Regime 2
LRMPt = -0.46 + 1.08LPMPt (4) LRMPt = -0.05 + 1.09LPMPt (5)
stdv (0.12) (0.01) stdv (0.04) (0.004)
Here regime 2, points to data that relates to 2003 until the end of 2006 and also, 2013 to 2015; whereas regime 1 refers to the first of 2007 till end of 2012. Thus the type of relationship between two series depends on policy actions that government adopts during the period. In other words, one should consider different relations prevailing in different periods and this is the novelty of current study in comparison with previous researches.
Conclusion: This paper analyzed vertical market integration for Iranian fluid milk market over the years 2003-2015. We exploit Houck and MSVECM models in order to analyze market integration deploying 153 monthly observations from March 2003 to December 2015. The results of this paper corroborate a view, claiming retailers can exercise significant market power, as used to be evidenced by asymmetric price responses in Iranian fluid milk market. Due to the existence of positive price asymmetry in farm-retail price transmission, the retail prices would be inclining more quickly to increases in farm price than to decreases implying serious welfare losses to the consumers. This result is also consistent with the empirical evidence of a significant market power in the milk market.
S.S. Hosseini; H. Shahbazi
Abstract
Estimation of agricultural sector demand and supply and identification of its determinants could lead to more efficient policies and planning of this section. In this study, aggregate demand and supply of agriculture sector for years of 1959-2007 by using of nonlinear restricted ARMAX model are estimated. ...
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Estimation of agricultural sector demand and supply and identification of its determinants could lead to more efficient policies and planning of this section. In this study, aggregate demand and supply of agriculture sector for years of 1959-2007 by using of nonlinear restricted ARMAX model are estimated. Result indicates that aggregate agriculture demand is inelastic in short and long run. Those elasticities are -0.118 and -0.162, respectively. Demand own price adjustment coefficient is about 0.273. Also, supply short and long run own price elasticities are 0.129 and 0.166, respectively. Its adjustment coefficient is 0.225. These results accentuate to Agricultural Product necessity nature.
S. Irsvsni; S.S. Hosseini
Abstract
AbstractMain objective of this paper is to evaluate supportive policies of beef producers during the first, second, third and fourth terms of Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans (1989 - 2008).To evaluate the policies, the Producers Support Estimate(PSE) index and other indicators (PSE %, ...
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AbstractMain objective of this paper is to evaluate supportive policies of beef producers during the first, second, third and fourth terms of Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans (1989 - 2008).To evaluate the policies, the Producers Support Estimate(PSE) index and other indicators (PSE %, NPC & NAC) were used. Furthermore, percentages of PSE were calculated in different scenarios of exchange rate (such as black market exchange rate, purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate, 5 percent increase in purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate and 5 percent decrease in purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate). The results presented that market price support (MPS) of beef producers had increasing trend during development plans, especially in the first and the second plans. The government’s budgetary payments (BP), on the other hand, presented decreasing trend from 4 billion Rls (local current) in the first development plan to 2 billion Rls in the forth development plan. Furthermore, total support estimate (PSE) of beef producers increased during the fourth terms of development plans. It is concluded that share of MPS in total producers support estimate (PSE) is more than BP. The study results presented that, in all terms of the development plan (except for the first plan), percentages of PSE calculated by purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate were higher than amounts calculated by black market exchange rate. PSE% was found sensitive to changes in the exchange rate.
S.S. Hosseini; M.R. Pakravan; O. Gilanpour; M. Atghaei Kordkolaei
Abstract
AbstractProtection policies in the agricultural sector is an inevitable necessity, its accomplish effects individuals welfare and economic sectors. Protection policies account for a major economic strategy in agricultural sectors of developing and developed countries. Applying ARDL, the study investigates ...
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AbstractProtection policies in the agricultural sector is an inevitable necessity, its accomplish effects individuals welfare and economic sectors. Protection policies account for a major economic strategy in agricultural sectors of developing and developed countries. Applying ARDL, the study investigates effects of protection policy in agricultural sector on total factor productivity of this sector during 1979-2009. Results revealed that producer protection index of agriculture sector had negative effect on TFP in short run, while significantly direct effect in long run. Considering advantages of this policy in long run, policy planning in the field of policy selection needs to be designed based on long run view. Furthermore, effective management for implementing the defined policies in short run is vital. Accordingly some short run programs, such as support of agricultural insurances for managing risks associated with agricultural productions, determining suitable support price, creating exchange markets, and protecting excessive import of agricultural products by applying suitable tarrif, are recommended by the study.
S.S. Hosseini; M.R. Pakravan; O. Gilanpour
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, agricultural sector import was forecasted by using the econometric and the ANN methods. Import data from 1971 to 2004 and 2004-2009 was used for forecasting, network training and testing forecast accuracy, respectively. The results shown that Feed-forward neural network ...
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AbstractIn the present study, agricultural sector import was forecasted by using the econometric and the ANN methods. Import data from 1971 to 2004 and 2004-2009 was used for forecasting, network training and testing forecast accuracy, respectively. The results shown that Feed-forward neural network has much less error and better performance than the ARIMA and the VAR methods. On the basis of the obtained results, import would be increased, in 2010-2013 while the increase in import will not be significant in 2014, it will increase again in 2015. Therefore fundamental efforts should be done to increase production potential and to achieve self-sufficiency, by essential triggering policies.
A. Shahnavazi; S.S. Hosseini
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine the economic impacts of developing and introducing almond late flowering cultivars during 1968 to 2019 years in Iran, which developed in Sahand horticultural research station using the economic surplus model and field and time series data. The estimation ...
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine the economic impacts of developing and introducing almond late flowering cultivars during 1968 to 2019 years in Iran, which developed in Sahand horticultural research station using the economic surplus model and field and time series data. The estimation of shift parameter identifies that almond late flowering cultivars make almond supply curve move less to the left in the chilling case. Moreover, it lead to changes in the economic surplus of both producers and consumers. Results show that the almond late flowering cultivars caused to economic surplus of producers and consumers increase around 8.09 and 11.27 billion Rials, respectively. In this context, the share of consumers from benefits was 58 percent. Regarding to the cost of research and extension, the social net present value of investment in developing and introducing of almond late flowering cultivars was about 10.7 billion Rials. It was also idicated that the internal rate of return of this investment had been about 15 percent.
A. Nikoukar; S.S. Hosseini; A. Dourandish
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this study is evaluation of government’s optimum combination of policy instruments on per capita consumption of bread and the share of this product in food cost of families in different income classes. The minimization of changes in dead weight loss function is used in ...
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AbstractThe objective of this study is evaluation of government’s optimum combination of policy instruments on per capita consumption of bread and the share of this product in food cost of families in different income classes. The minimization of changes in dead weight loss function is used in this study. By using boot strop method and on base of normal distribution for supply elasticity and demand elasticity, statistical properties of optimum combination of the policy instruments and the welfare outcomes were analyzed. The results of the welfare outcomes in wheat market show that government protects consumers more than producers by using consumption subsidy and guarantee price simultaneously. The optimizations of governments’ policy in wheat market reduce governments’ cost and dead weight loss by reduction in protection from consumers. Results also show that per capita consumption and the share of bread in food cost of families change considerably after using optimum combination policy instruments and the effect of using optimum combination policy instruments on the share of bread in food cost of rural families is more than urban families and for low income classes is more than high income classes.
S.S. Hosseini; O. Gilanpour; S. Iravani
Abstract
AbstractMain objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of exchange rate misalignment on wheat’s producer estimates (PSE), using the 1989-2007 period’s data. For this purpose, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) along with the use of real exchange rate based on purchasing power ...
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AbstractMain objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of exchange rate misalignment on wheat’s producer estimates (PSE), using the 1989-2007 period’s data. For this purpose, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) along with the use of real exchange rate based on purchasing power party (PPP) was applied to estimate nominal equilibrium exchange rates. Then, by using market price support percentage (MPS%) and producer support estimate percentage (PSE%) measures, impact of exchange rates misalignment on wheat’s support measures were evaluated. The result of the paper show that specific sector policies had positive impact while, exchange rates polices counteracted specific sector polices. Meanwhile with approaching the exchange rates toward its counterpart of the equilibrium exchange rates, specific – sector polices had a significant effect on MPS% and PSE% of wheat.
S.S. Hosseini; M. Ghorbani; M. Torshizi; N. Zargham
Abstract
Present study simulated the economical and environmental (on soil erosion) impacts of four major trade and tax policies under different production situations in Iran. Then, the appropriate policy was chosen under different policy weights for environmental and economical factors. The purpose of giving ...
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Present study simulated the economical and environmental (on soil erosion) impacts of four major trade and tax policies under different production situations in Iran. Then, the appropriate policy was chosen under different policy weights for environmental and economical factors. The purpose of giving these weights is to simulate a long-term plan in which weight of environmental factors is small in the beginning and increases gradually. Results show that in the early stages of such a plan that the importance of environmental factors is less than economical factors, the appropriate policy is Lowland Food Production Subsidy, and in the latest stages, when the importance of environmental factors is more than economical factors, Upland Food Production Subsidy is the appropriate policy. Therefore, in addition to suggestion of Lowland Food Production Subsidy for current situation of Iran, more investigation about the relationship between soil erosion and macroeconomic policies was proposed.
A. Nikoukar; S.S. Hosseini; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Abstract Price transmission in different levels of market has some effects on producers and dealers’ income and welfare and consumers’ expenditure and welfare. For this reason, analysis of agricultural commodities prices is important both in economical and political aspects. Existence of ...
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Abstract Price transmission in different levels of market has some effects on producers and dealers’ income and welfare and consumers’ expenditure and welfare. For this reason, analysis of agricultural commodities prices is important both in economical and political aspects. Existence of asymmetrical price transmission will incur increasing in marketing margin and will have profit for marketing factors, also will decrease producers and consumers’ surplus. For the reason that beef provide society nutrition and there are too many producers in this sector, this article conducted with the aim of considering to kind of price transmission in Iranian Beef Industry. In this study, using monthly data for farm, slaughter-house and retail prices for beef during 1998-2005 and error correction model, price transmission model is estimated. Results show that price transmission in all beef marketing level in long run is symmetry and in short run from farm to slaughter-house and from farm to retail level is asymmetry. Elasticity of price transmission show that increase in farm price transmit to retail level with stronger effects. For asymmetry reason in beef market price transmission, consumers pay most expensive price from final price, and marketing factors will get profit for price fluctuation.
S.S. Hosseini; S. Rezaei
Abstract
AbstractSupport per hectare from date producers during four Development Programs (1989-2006) is evaluated using OECD methodology. Results show that, considering real exchange rate, market price support average per hectare for first, Second and Fourth Programs are negative and equal to 39760259, 756853 ...
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AbstractSupport per hectare from date producers during four Development Programs (1989-2006) is evaluated using OECD methodology. Results show that, considering real exchange rate, market price support average per hectare for first, Second and Fourth Programs are negative and equal to 39760259, 756853 and 2252143 Rials, respectively. Support in Third Program is 886878 Rials positive. According to the amount of budget payment per hectares, descending order of Programs would be like First, Fourth, Third and Second as their amount are 17287586, 3984724, 2212375 and 1982567 Rials, respectively. Therefore, successful Programs in market price support and budgetary payment are Third and Second, respectively.
S.S. Hosseini; M. Khaledi; M. Ghorbani; E. Hassanpour
Abstract
AbstractThis study is conducted to examine the transaction costs of obtaining credit from Bank Keshavarzi (BK). High transaction costs are stated as an important factor that limits rural households to access credit in rural areas in developing countries. The data collected from the bank and also by a ...
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AbstractThis study is conducted to examine the transaction costs of obtaining credit from Bank Keshavarzi (BK). High transaction costs are stated as an important factor that limits rural households to access credit in rural areas in developing countries. The data collected from the bank and also by a survey in a multi-stage sampling technique in 1383-1384. After estimating transaction costs of borrowing and lending, the econometric models used to determine the factors that affect the transaction costs of access to credits. The results highlight the importance of transaction cost in the borrowing and lending process. The results reveal that the transaction costs of gaining credit are equivalent to 915510 Rials, that is, an additional 2.68 percent annual interest cost. The average transaction costs of credit supply by BK is 3.4 percent of total costs. The econometric results showed that the size of loan and the experience, education level and information of the borrower are important determinants of the transaction costs.JEI Classification: G21, G28
S.S. Hosseini; S. Eravani; A. Nikoukar
Abstract
AbstractMain objective of this paper is the investigation the effect of support policies of government on income risk of poultry producers in Iran for the 1989-2006. CCV index was used to investigate amount of variation that cause each support policies (market price support, support of agricultural inputs, ...
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AbstractMain objective of this paper is the investigation the effect of support policies of government on income risk of poultry producers in Iran for the 1989-2006. CCV index was used to investigate amount of variation that cause each support policies (market price support, support of agricultural inputs, outputs insurance) on income risk variation of producers. The results of this study showed that percentage of index risk variation is decreased because of market price support, insurance, energy subsidy and total support policies. In addition, results showed just the effect of price supports and insurance subsidy on income risk is significant.JEL Classification: Q16, Q17, Q18
S.S. Hosseini; H. Rafiee
Abstract
AbstractAccording to considerable wight of pistachio in non-oil export of Iran, the production and export advantage of this product are estimated using indices like scale, efficiency, integrated, revealed and symmetric revealed advantage as well as their growth for the period of 1990 – 2005. Results ...
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AbstractAccording to considerable wight of pistachio in non-oil export of Iran, the production and export advantage of this product are estimated using indices like scale, efficiency, integrated, revealed and symmetric revealed advantage as well as their growth for the period of 1990 – 2005. Results show that scale advantage index for Iran is much higher than its rivals while Syria and Turkey had the highest efficiency advantage and highest efficiency advantage growth, respectively. Highest integrated advantage and highest growth of this index belonged to Iran and Italy, respectively. Despite Iran's advantage in pistachio export, its growth is negative for the studying period (- 44.05 percent) while competitors had positive growth. A decline, for any reason, in exporting advantage of Iran's pistachio would lead an increase in rivals' advantages and their market share. Statistics show that the policies carried out during the Third Development Program were successful in improving production efficiency and penetrating into world markets. Policy making in the direction of reducing production costs, improving commodity quality and using suitable processing method will cause sustainable and successful presence in world markets.
