S. Ghazali; A. Esmaieli
Abstract
AbstractIrregular extraction from agricultural wells around Parishan Lake, moreover fall of groundwater surface and water salty, would affect the level of Lake water and move Lake water into wells. In this study we have evaluated the externalities of extraction from agricultural wells around the Lake. ...
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AbstractIrregular extraction from agricultural wells around Parishan Lake, moreover fall of groundwater surface and water salty, would affect the level of Lake water and move Lake water into wells. In this study we have evaluated the externalities of extraction from agricultural wells around the Lake. Therefore feedback effect is considered between agricultural activity around the Lake and level of Lake water by Autoـ regressive Distributed Lag Model. The results use in the ecologicalـ economic model. The results show that increase of water extraction from agricultural wells for wheat irrigation would affect the wheat yield and therefore increase farmers income. But on the other hand increase of extraction from wells, would affect the groundwater surface and increase pumping cost. By attention to effects of groundwater extraction on pumping cost are more than these effects on farmers income, so excess extraction has negative profit (loss) for farmers. In addition decreasing of the Lake water duo to excess extraction from groundwater, would affect the wheat yield and decrease farmers income and would affect the groundwater surface in wells around the Lake and increase pumping cost, so it decreases farmers profit. So we have offered to control of irregular extraction from groundwater for protection of Lake ecosystem and groundwater surface.
M. Zibaei; S. Ghazali
Abstract
Selection of optimal sizes of machinery and their proper investment are the main problems in the agricultural machinery. This study has done to optimize machinery sizes in agricultural college farm of Shiraz university. The crop plan includes: 130 ha wheat, 70 ha rapeseed, 100 ha corn, 25 ha alfalfa ...
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Selection of optimal sizes of machinery and their proper investment are the main problems in the agricultural machinery. This study has done to optimize machinery sizes in agricultural college farm of Shiraz university. The crop plan includes: 130 ha wheat, 70 ha rapeseed, 100 ha corn, 25 ha alfalfa and 4 ha coloured. A nonـ linear mixed integer programming model is used to minimize total annual costs includes: fixed costs, variable costs and timeliness costs. This model implemented by using General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) software. Results show that machinery sizes simulated by model for operating width and load capacity are significantly different from actual sizes that used in sample farm and just sprayer and trailer sizes are as same as 400 and 4000 kilogram load capacity. Some sizes suggested larger and some smaller. For tractor suggested 8 number but greater power 85 hp/each. Non- agreement between optimal sizes and actual sizes shows different between optimal costs and actual costs. So that optimal total annual costs per hectare are less than actual total annual costs per hectare. Also operations schedule provided in various weeks of the year, that shows operations distribution in the course of time. This is a good guide for farm director to do operations schedule.
S. Ghazali; M. Zibaei
Abstract
AbstractThis study shows the relationship between environmental pollution and economical growth by Kuznets hypothesis which has drived from provincial data during 1375 - 1385. Carbon monoxide pollution as environmental index and gross national product as economical index have been used. fix effects have ...
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AbstractThis study shows the relationship between environmental pollution and economical growth by Kuznets hypothesis which has drived from provincial data during 1375 - 1385. Carbon monoxide pollution as environmental index and gross national product as economical index have been used. fix effects have been preferred to random effects based on F test for estimation of environmental kuznets curve by panel data. The vald test result through the model evaluation shows the cubic increasingly relation between two environmental and economical indexes. So this study has been done on five provinces: Esfahan, Tehran, Khorasan, Fars and Mazandaran during a decade, that shows increasing pollution due to economical growth. So it is necessary that the government do positive effort to reduction the pollution and effective decides should be provide for environment protection.
