A.R. Chobdar; M. Aghapour Sabbaghi
Abstract
Introduction: Considering that achieving economic growth and development is one of the most important goals of any economic system, the identification of factors affecting economic growth has long been a subject discussed by economic experts . So far, there are two general attitudes concerning ...
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Introduction: Considering that achieving economic growth and development is one of the most important goals of any economic system, the identification of factors affecting economic growth has long been a subject discussed by economic experts . So far, there are two general attitudes concerning government's presence in the economy. One is the attitude of the minimal government, the origin of which is the physiocratic and classical schools, and the other is the maximum government supported by schools against classics presented by Marxists and socialists. The experiences of the developed countries illustrate the fact that the development of these countries has begun with a revolution in the agricultural sector. In these countries, particular importance is usually given to extending agriculture and can be achieved in various ways, such as supplying labor, capital, raw materials, meals and foreign currency to economic development and alsocreating a market for manufactured goods in the industrial sector. The economic growth of this sector also has been mentioned as a driving factor in the growth of other economic sectors. Analyzing the factors influencing this growth will be an important step towards the economic development of countries . In most developing countries, the factors affecting the growth and development of the agricultural sector due to government policies ,as one of the central issues, have been explored and analyzed. Given the dual nature of the effect of government size on growth in the agricultural sector, the study aimed to analyze the effects of convergence and its impact on economic growth in the country's provinces Despite many studies in this field done in the country scale, in current study, with emphasis on the use of panel data, information from all provinces in the period is used for the estimation.
Materials and Methods: The effect of government size on economic growth has led to extensive studies that these studies have tried to explain the observed phenomena. In this study, toward analyzing the effect of size of government on the agricultural sector growth, the binomial production function of Ram was first considered and then to differentiate the effects of capital types, the generalized model of the Mankijo-Romer-Weil model (MRW) has been applied. In this study according to the model of Mankiw - Romer and Weil ( MRW ), capital variable is considered in its various components including physical, social and human capital. Based on this model and using panel data provinces in the period 2007-2016 the effect of government size on the agricultural sector growth is studied. Another purpose of this study is to evaluate the convergence of the agricultural sector at the province level in both absolute and conditional beta forms.
Results and Discussion: The study of beta coefficients demonstrates that there is convergence in the value added of agricultural sector across the provinces of the country . On average, it lasts about 17 years to cover half of the distance between its initial position and its steady state. Inclusion of the government has reduced the speed of adjustment and convergence among the provinces.
According to the results of the related tests, a fixed effect pattern has been considered for model estimation. Results denote that all variables entered in the model except labor force, have significant positive effect on the growth of agriculture. The valu of coefficients for two variables, the ratio of current and development expenditures to gross domestic product, which indicates the size of government in this study, have been estimated 0.1 and 0.6 suggests that an increase in government size can have a positive effect on the agricultural sector growth. Summing up the effects of these two variables shows that despite the pursuit of privatization policy in the country with the aim of reducing the size of the state, the agricultural sector is also affected by the government and its policies and the growing state can lead to the development of agriculture and consequently to growth within the country. In the model for estimation of development expenditures, current expenditures is more influential onthe agricultural sector growth .
Conclusion: The results of the study show that increasing the size of government can expand the agricultural sector growth of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the policy of reducing government and reducing support on the agricultural sector gradually while taking into account all aspects. The rapid decline in government investments in this sector, especially in infrastructure investment, can reduce the growth and development of issues such as the spread of poverty and the migration of villagers. Also, as results, it is observed that the effect of development expenditures on agricultural sector is higher than current expenditures. This suggests that fixed investment and the creation of capital assets are considered as more powerful tools for the agricultural sector growth. The results of Beta convergence study indicate the convergence of agricultural sector growth among provinces of the country. By comparing two models with and without the government, although government policies and programs can increase agricultural growth, these policies have reduced the rate of convergence between the provinces. This means that the government's policies have not been successful enough to help poor provinces in the agricultural sector and the continued allocation of resources and facilities to the provinces could lead to more discrimination among the provinces. Therefore, it is suggested to focus on allocating and distributing state funds, facilities and agricultural infrastructure and services in balanced form with aim of reducing provincial imbalances.
H. Matrodi; M. Aghapour Sabbaghi
Abstract
Introduction The agro-processing industry in agriculture sector because of in the global context, participation in regional and international markets and joining the WTO, has particular importance. With increasing demand for production and resource constraints in this subsection, The importance of ...
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Introduction The agro-processing industry in agriculture sector because of in the global context, participation in regional and international markets and joining the WTO, has particular importance. With increasing demand for production and resource constraints in this subsection, The importance of efficient use of resources and improve the efficiency of production is determined more than ever before. In these situations, optimal use of resources can be a necessary condition for the development of various agricultural sectors such as food and beverage be considered so that section, in addition means to responding to the increasing needs of food products to do well its duties in the economic development. On the one hand In recent years the privatization of state-owned companies not only as a means of economic restructuring, and competition is increasing, but the necessary infrastructure to increase efficiency and is to promote economic efficiency. Therefore, at Present study With Emphasis on kind of ownership survey of efficiency and and factors affecting that in Food & Beverage sector be considered.
Materials and Methods At present Study 19 subsection of Food & Beverage at 2009-2014 considered as Statistics Society. In order to calculate the efficiency of the review of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used. Capital, labor and energy are the inputs and outputs is the output. In order to estimate the econometric model dynamic panel data approach used. The information for this research, from statistics of 10 person and more in ministry industry collected.
Results and Discussion The results showed that the rise of private property in the subdivision and the move towards privatization can be a factor considered in order to increase the efficiency of this subsection.
The average efficiency for about 70 percent of the country's food and drink industry is showing that it is possible to increase efficiency and achieve optimum output rate until 30%. 4 sector involve producing animal and herbal oil and fat, slaughter livestock and poultry, dairy produce and tea have the perfect performance. Another important point of this research is the more distinction between efficiency in the subsectors . Achieved 0.95 for average returns to scale industries show the decreasing returns to scale in the food and beverage sub-sector. The results showed a positive and significant effect of human capital, exports, innovation and business cycles on the efficiency. In contrast, variables, index and energy intensity and commercial focus are significant and negative effect on the efficiency of the food and beverage sectors.
Conclusion
Due to the positive impact of privatization on performance, it is recommended that this policy is actually a competition policy in order to increase the efficiency of the subdivision food and beverage countries to be accelerated. Supporting of the private sector by means of fiscal and monetary management, pay more attention to assignment state-owned company, as well as monitoring after the privatization, the continuation of the implementation of the policy basis of 44 law of the competitive conditions and legislative transparency are the this study recommends .Motivate and suit conditions for continuing education of industry employees, implementation of scientific and practical training for them, enhancing the quality of education given to the students associated with this industry and created needed fit with market needs to an increase in human capital will increase the sector efficiency. Due to decreasing returns to scale in the industry, support of small businesses in the sector and lending to micro producer recommend to increase the efficiency. Due to the export positive effect on the performance proposed by encouraging exports, facilitate the export process, provide advice to exporters or identify new markets and new comparative advantages in the production of Food and Beverage higher level of interaction with the global economy design for rising industry performance is under consideration. Use of a new technology on the world in terms of production, delivery and in-service training in order to increase the level of production technique as well as increasing the share of spending on research and development in order to increase the level of staff's technical knowledge can suggestions in order to increase the efficiency of the industry. The results show that with the moving food and beverage industry toward monopoly space, reduced efficiency in the industry.Therefore, it is suggested that industrial policy be developed in order to increase competition. Physical preparation and presentation facilities in order to increase the possibility of free entry to the industry in order to reduce among other recommendations of this study in order to increase the efficiency of this unit. Industry restructuring and the establishment of a factory for optimum use of energy resources in order to save energy, new manufacturing techniques to reduce energy intensity and use international experiences in the energy efficiency to increase efficiency in the food and beverage industry are ways to increase efficiency.
