M. Ronaghi; M.R. Kohansal; M. Ghorbani
Abstract
Introduction: Governance is the way rules, norms and actions are structured, sustained, regulated and held accountable in a society. Works by the World Bank and other multilateral development banks on good governance addresses economic institutions and public sector management, including transparency ...
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Introduction: Governance is the way rules, norms and actions are structured, sustained, regulated and held accountable in a society. Works by the World Bank and other multilateral development banks on good governance addresses economic institutions and public sector management, including transparency and accountability, regulatory reform, and public sector skills and leadership. Governance has political, economic, and administrative dimensions. It is particularly relevant to agriculture. For agriculture, political governance is the process of decision-making to formulate agricultural policy whereas economic governance emphasizes decision-making processes that affect economic activities and their relationships with the agricultural economy. Administrative governance deals with the implementation of policy. In most developing countries, the government tries to improve the agriculture and guarantee livelihoods via consultation with farmers’ organizations, NGOs, civil society, development economists, the private sector, and coordinate between the legal, economic and social systems, and institutions of governance (Stead 2015). Good governance for agriculture encourages better services by “bringing government closer to farmers”. Iran faces challenges in all of the World Bank's defined governance indicators (transparency and accountability, political stability, violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and corruption control). They used an indicator of governance from the World Bank which varies from -2.5 (the weakest) to 2.5 (the strongest). All governance indicators were negative for Iran, suggesting much room for improvement. Better governance would reduce internal and external barriers of development and improve the management of domestic resources by creating a more transparent regulatory structure. These changes could lead to faster growth in Iran’s agricultural sector. Meat plays a significant role in providing protein and calories for the Iranian population. Fluctuations in meat supply and demand affect people's food consumption patterns. Meat prices have been particularly volatile in recent years. The government is obliged to support increased production of animal protein (livestock and poultry) and they can accomplish this by improving agricultural (livestock) governance. Therefore, we investigate the role of governance in improving agricultural and livestock farming performance in this research.Materials and Methods: After selecting the agricultural governance variables, we investigate the impact of agricultural governance variables on Iran’s livestock and meat market. An Equilibrium Displacement Model (EDM) is used to evaluate the effects of agricultural governance variables on producers and consumers of meat. The EDM model determines the effects of agricultural governance variables on price and quantity of livestock products by shifting the supply and demand functions before and after the implementation of agricultural governance variables with different scenarios. This is the first study to measure the impact of agricultural governance on vertical and horizontal meat markets by using an EDM. In order to assess the impact of agricultural governance on the livestock and meat markets, we consider the horizontal markets among cattle, chicken, and sheep, as well as vertical markets within each species, including the farm and retail markets. The specification of an EDM includes the percentage change in the price and quantity of each species (beef, chicken and mutton) in retail markets and farm markets.Results and Discussion: The results of percentage change in the price (EP) and quantity (EQ) for the retail and farm level meat market after applying the agricultural governance variables of the Fifth Development Program are shown in Table (4) for 2018. After increasing agricultural governance in the meat market, the percentage change in price (EP) for beef, chicken and mutton are negative at the retail and farm level, and the percentage change of quantity (EQ) are positive at the retail and farm level. These results show the positive effect of implementing agricultural governance. Also, the results showed that annual investment growth at 2.23% has a larger effect on quantities at the farm level for chicken, beef and mutton. Growth in cooperative expenditures (and production inputs) of 0.11% per year has a larger effect on retail prices for chicken; while the 0.21% annual growth of employment has smaller effects on retail prices for chicken. In addition, the annual investment growth variable has the largest effect among governance variables on the total surplus of meat producers.Conclusion: According to the research findings, the investment variable has the largest impact on price. By increasing investment in the livestock sector, it is possible to use not only modern technology and equipment on livestock farms, but also to employ experts and skilled labor in the production process. Employing university graduates in the areas of farm management, nutrition, livestock and poultry production, animal health, and other technical areas could bring huge profits to producers. In addition, cooperatives play an important role in the marketing. When cooperatives enter the supply chain, there are improvements in input supply, assembly, processing, and product distribution.
M. Ronaghi; M.R. Kohansal; M. Ghorbani
Abstract
Introduction: The role of governance is attracting much attention these days and is often considered as a major reason why some countries have experienced faster economic growth than others. A typical definition of governance is the process of making and implementing decisions that affect economic, political ...
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Introduction: The role of governance is attracting much attention these days and is often considered as a major reason why some countries have experienced faster economic growth than others. A typical definition of governance is the process of making and implementing decisions that affect economic, political and social institutions. Much of this idea of governance, or good governance, is related to the functioning of government within a country, but the concept of governance involves more actors than just government. It includes companies, political parties, the military, non-government organizations (both domestic and international) and even influential individuals. All of these structures have an influence on how decisions are made within a country.Materials and Methods: The agricultural sector plays a major role in human life, but the share of this sector has decreased in the economic development of Iran. So due to economic sanctions and numerous challenges, attention should be paid to agriculture in Iran. In this study, we determine the factors of agricultural governance which can be used to improve Iran’s agricultural sector. We first use the Meta-synthesis method to find the important factors/variables that have been used in the literature to investigate agricultural governance worldwide. Then we present these variables to two Iranian experts who rank the variables on a worldwide basis using the Shannon Entropy method (which is explained later). The variables from the Meta-synthesis analysis are also presented to a selected group of ten Iranian experts. They identify the important variables of agricultural governance in Iran by modifying, adding, and deleting variables from the meta-synthesis. These experts weigh the variables by a Binary Comparison Matrix (which is explained later). Experts are selected by Snowball sampling and they complete their list (and ranking) through Delphi method. Finally, we compare the global agricultural governance variables from the Shannon Entropy method with those from the pairwise comparison matrix using the Fuzzy method.Results and Discussion: The results from the pairwise comparison matrix in Iran are different from the results of the Meta-synthesis method worldwide. The Meta-synthesis method shows that international policy, group participation, and cooperative companies, and observance standards have the highest importance and rank. However, for the fuzzy analysis the factors of agricultural employment, group participation and cooperative companies have the highest weight in the political, social and environmental areas and the factors of increase production, and financial and capital markets have the highest importance in the economic area.The group participation and cooperative companies are common in both methods. Group participation and cooperative companies provide a connection between people and government so that popular demands are easily communicated to the government. Group participation refers to an approach toward building accountability that relies on civil engagement – in which ordinary farmers or cooperative companies demand accountability. The role of group participation is not to replace but to complement and enhance public accountability mechanisms. It includes two categories including Formal social participation, which are social participation mechanisms that are formally written in laws and Informal social participation, which are social participation mechanisms which are not written in law. Easy access to financial resources is one of the requirements for investment and development of the agricultural sector. However, due to the characteristics of the agricultural sector in Iran, and the lack of developed agricultural financial markets, this sector faces investment constraints.The agricultural sector can be one of the sectors which provides meaningful employment for the rural population. This research suggests that increasing agricultural employment is important for improving agricultural governance. Despite having such a large reduction in employment, the agricultural sector still employs three times more than any other sector.Agricultural production is vitally important to the world. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for 2.5 billion people in the world, yet the growth of agricultural productivity has stalled. Yields for major grains grow by about 1 percent per year, which is lower than the population growth rate. Given that, expanding the cultivated area is not possibility to meet future needs so increasing agricultural productivity is the only solution to feeding the growing (urbanized) population (who has higher food demand). The use of modern communications methods in extension services can foster adoption of new technologies and promote profitable cultivation among farmers. Increasing productivity among smallholders in developing countries is a crucial instrument to guarantee food security in the long-run (Dethier et al, 2011).One of the most important worldwide variables of agricultural governance is international policy. The international aspects of agriculture policy have an important role in pursuing the fundamental objectives of governments. For instance, the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union emphasizes agricultural productivity, as a fair standard of living for farmers, ensuring reasonable prices for consumers, and promoting stability in markets (in particular stabilizing imports and exports) as well as food security (Ciolos, 2012). Another significant variable in agricultural governance worldwide is observance standards. Standards and technical regulations have attracted increasing attention in ongoing regional and global trade policy dialogue as tariff and quota issues seem to assume a declining dimension. With the reduction in the applicability of tariff barriers, the adoption rate of standards as a trade restrictive strategy has increased significantly.Conclusion: Group participation shows that the introduction of civic engagement into the entire process of allocating, spending and monitoring public resources can help produce significant operational results (improved performance, the introduction of corrective measures) and process outcomes (Institutional, behavioral and relational changes). This can take the form of direct farmer participation in formulating public policy and budgets in the agricultural sector. Participatory policy formulation has become an increasingly common trend, particularly with the introduction of the poverty reduction strategies at the national and community levels driven by development initiatives at the local level. Participatory budget formation usually occurs at the local level, but at higher levels, representatives of the farming community can play an important role in expressing farmers' preferences in setting up and financing budgets.
A. Dadras Moghadam; M. Ghorbani; A. Karbasi; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Introduction: Product line design is a critical task that may determine a firm's survival. Producers need to constantly evolve in response to market and technology changes. As a result, the determining optimal diversity has attracted considerable attention in the marketing literature. So, all optimization ...
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Introduction: Product line design is a critical task that may determine a firm's survival. Producers need to constantly evolve in response to market and technology changes. As a result, the determining optimal diversity has attracted considerable attention in the marketing literature. So, all optimization approaches that have been applied to the optimal product line design problem aim at finding a better approximation of the global optimal solution that this paper solved the optimal diversity problem for brands with the use of a new population-based optimization algorithm called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). PSO is a nature-inspired intelligence technique, which has displayed high performance in providing a wide variety of good near-optimal solutions in optimization problems of high complexity.
Materials and Methods: In this article, diversity and prices of selected brands on the market Mashhad cheese product using Noshad project data and Pegah Milk Industry (including 435 Grocery Store) using seemingly unrelated regression model and particle swarm optimization algorithm were reviewed and analyzed and optimized in 2014. The objective function is the sum of market shares (Kalleh, Pegah and Sabah). Constrain is share total of available brands in the market which is equal to one. The parameters used in this study, with population size 50 and individual and social learning rate is 2
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the effect the price on share of Kalleh is positive. In addition, Kalleh brand diversity have been a significant positive impact on share brand of Kalleh but with the Pegah and Sabah brand diversity have been negative relationship (statistically meaningless). The impact Pegah price is negative on the share of Pegah brand so Pegah price has a positive relationship with the price of Kalleh. With rising price of Sabah increase Pegah brand share. And diversity of Kalleh is negative and significant. Diversity of sabah brand is negative and non-significant. The effect of price on share of Pegah brand is negative and non-significant. The coefficient of Sabah brand diversity have been positive and significant relationship with Sabah brand share in the market but Kalleh brand diversity on customers buying of Sabah has a significant and positive impact. The optimum level of diversification cheese brands of Kalleh, Pegah and Sabah respectively, 8, 5 and 3 obtained which it shows that the optimum level of Kalleh cheese brand diversity in the market is more than the other rival brands. The average price of cheese brand product diversity of Kalleh, Pegah and Sabah are 45696, 34626 and 30678 (rials) respectively and it suggests that the Kalleh brand price should be higher than the other competitors. After that, brand price have been Pegah and Sabah. Kalleh brand has maximum diversity, the optimum value diversity in this study still is 8 .Also, Pegah are optimized for these state and the optimum value is obtained 5 for Pegah in the market. In other words, the number required Kalleh and Pegah cheese brand is optimized in the market. The maximum of Sabah diversity is 4 which the optimal level of Sabah diversity should be reduced to 3. In the summery, results showed that the optimum level particle swarm optimization algorithm of cheese product diversity of Kalleh brand in the market is more than other rival brands. As well as, 1 type of cheese products Sabah brand should be removed in the market and Kalleh and Pegah brands are in optimal state from the terms of cheese product diversity.
Conclusion: According to the findings is suggested, Kalleh brand price is more than other competitors brands. The results also showed that grocery stores should have been more than Pegah and kalleh brand diversity to increase profits. Kalleh brand diversity lead to more profitability than other types of brands in the optimized state. One of the main reasons that the Kalleh brand has a special share in this market is its diversity. Optimum profit from their grocery stores showed that the optimal value of kalleh and Pegah diversity is caused to increase profitability in grocery stores. Kalleh cheese price is also more than other competitors because of the quality and products diversity could have been. Brands must be paid attention to the issue of diversity products of Cheese to increase their shares. Cheese product of brands must be investigated to packaging and processing, and other diversity of brands features to increase share and profit in the market.
B. Maadanian; A. Dourandish; M. Ghorbani; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Introduction: The role of credits in agricultural development is very important, especially after implementing land reform and converting subjects to a large class of small owners, the demand has been intensified. Seasonality of agricultural productions usually creates temporary vacuum among farmers ...
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Introduction: The role of credits in agricultural development is very important, especially after implementing land reform and converting subjects to a large class of small owners, the demand has been intensified. Seasonality of agricultural productions usually creates temporary vacuum among farmers payments and receipts, thus farmers need to save their previous incomes or seek financial help out of the sector in order to pay current expenses and investments in agriculture sector. Due to farmers low income, the saving possibility is low and therefore farmers are not in a situation that they can invest in agriculture sector from their savings or to purchase required inputs
Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to prioritize the factors affecting the delay and lack in repaying loans, therefore at first it should identify the payment factors. This means that one should find what factors are affecting the lack or delay in repayment of loans granted to farmers. So the factors affecting the delay or failure to repay the loans were identified by using the Delphi method and then prioritizing the factors will be discussed with regard to experts perspectives by using the analytical network process model.
Analytical network process (ANP) is one of the most efficient techniques for decision making with multiple criteria that it was proposed by Thomas Almaty for the first time in 1982 and as the developed form of AHP method. In cases where lower levels affect the upper levels or elements in a same level are not independent of each other, AHP method cannot be used. ANP technique is a more general form of AHP, but it does not require the hierarchical structure and therefore it show more complex relationships between different levels of decision in network form and it considers the interactions and feedbacks between criteria and alternatives. In fact the main objective of this process is to determine the overall impact of all factors in the face together.
Results and discussion: In the study, factors affecting repayment were divided into the five categories, including farmers, the rules of bank loan payment, banking laws, the government and Jihad agricultural organization . In farmers sector, the farmers primary earned cash had weight of 0.3 out of 1 among five variables. The second stage is the farmers experience which has allocated the weight of 0.23 percent itself. Project failure is located in the third rank. The duration of project restoration and farmers activity volume has less weight than other variables. The results in section of rules of bank loan payment showed that lobbying in bank is in the first place with weight of 0.28. Insurance Fund was also one of the factors that its lack causes lack of immediate repayment of the loans. About bank laws, deep court sentences also were among the factors that its lacking may lead to delay or failure to repay loans. This variable with the weight of 0.2 is among variables affecting on the loan repayment. Long process of enforcements is a factor that in bank experts perspective, it has weight of 0.19 percent compared to other variables. Experts specialties has little weight compared to the other variables. Agriculture-related factors suggested that the accuracy and frequency of visits from project are the most important variables among agents. Preventing the failure of the project is among the factors that had allocated the weight of25% to it. The focus of special funds is among factors that have allocated the weight of 20% to itself that it be considered as an important factor. Jihad agricultural experts specialty and lobbying are the factors that are not of high importance and they are in grades 4 and 5. Agents related to government that effect the loan repayment according to the results also indicated that attention to relations in the macro-level and lobbying have high impacts on non-repayment of the granted facilities. In Agricultural Bank experts views, the repayment extending policy is among the factors that cause to non-repayment of the granted facilities. This variable has the weight of 25 percent among the other variables. Interest and inflation rates are the factors that have common weight in non-repayment of the granted facilities.
Conclusions: The results showed that in bank experts views, banking laws are the most important criterion that affects the absence or delay in repayment of installments. Experts believe that if the banking system strongly enters into financial markets, it will contribute to the development of national economy. Accordingly, it was determined that lobbying in bank is the most important variable of banking laws subset, and it is the most effective factor on the lack and delay in repayment of loans. It means that if the banking legislations is performed correctly and enforced, then the payment of loans is timely and will ease the problems of lack of timely payment. On the other hand, according to bank experts, including measures that affects the delay and lack in timely payment. If the farmers have proper cash and sufficient experience in their own field, they can be successful in the timely payment.
F. Baradaran Sirjani; M.R. Kohansal; M. Sabouhi
Abstract
Optimal allocation of water resources is an essential service in agriculture that must be considered by farmers. One of the most significant factors in optimal allocation of water resources in agriculture is to define optimal farm cropping pattern. In this study, in order to determine optimal cropping ...
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Optimal allocation of water resources is an essential service in agriculture that must be considered by farmers. One of the most significant factors in optimal allocation of water resources in agriculture is to define optimal farm cropping pattern. In this study, in order to determine optimal cropping pattern and water resources allocation in central district of Mashhad city (Toos village), the two-stages multi-objective fuzzy linear programming was used. The required data was collected through interviews with farmers of the study area and filling in 116 questionnaire using simple random sampling during the years 2012-2013.The results indicated that, optimal values in the two-stage multi-objective fuzzy linear programming model for maximizing gross margin is 239420100 Rials, for utilizing organic fertilizers is 3867.19 Kg, and for minimizing the consumption of irrigation water is 53645.62 square meters, which were modified in the second phase. The objective amount of chemical fertilizer was 817.80 kg., having no change in the second phase. The cropping pattern will be optimized, if the most area under cultivation being allocated to potato, then to barley, wheat, t, onion and sugar beet, while tomato and corn cultivation being removed. Results illustrate that, two-stage multi-objective fuzzy linear programming model in comparison with multi-objective fuzzy linear model yield better results in defining optimal cropping pattern and allocation of irrigation water to the study area.
M. Bahrami Nasab; A. Dourandish; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Determining the optimal pattern for growing crops in accordance with the availability of the resources and risk factors as well as the uncertainty of agriculture sector would help the farmers, managers and economic planners in selecting the type of the product and the level of cultivation. Fuzzy programming ...
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Determining the optimal pattern for growing crops in accordance with the availability of the resources and risk factors as well as the uncertainty of agriculture sector would help the farmers, managers and economic planners in selecting the type of the product and the level of cultivation. Fuzzy programming model with Interval programming approach is used in this study to determine the optimal cultivation pattern in the Esfarayen county while taking terms of uncertainty into consideration. The required data were gathered via 128 questionnaire and interviews with the farmers of the region as simple random sampling in 2013. Using different levels of Alpha cut in the model made the whole parameter-related fuzzy data to access the optimization process fractionally. Models assessments results with perspective to optimistic and pessimistic conditions in accordance with various Alpha cuts show the benefit increases in optimistic conditions while decreasing in conservative ones due to the increase in the level of uncertainty and risk or expansion of fluctuations periphery due to smaller Alpha cuts. Forage maize, Red beans and wheat in most case scenarios are economical as well as optimum crops for cultivation. In order to improve the farmers’ money-making situation along with optimal usage of production sources, encouraging and supportive policies to be performed by Agriculture- Jehad (Ministry of Agriculture) of Northern Khorasan or the Esfarayen county is recommended.
M.R. Kohansal; A. Firoozzare
Abstract
Advertisement is one of the most fundamental actions of marketing process and one of the most extensive areas of marketing systems. If firms select proper procedures, appropriate and targeted advertisement through using the knowledge, expertise and experience in their marketing process, they can ,in ...
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Advertisement is one of the most fundamental actions of marketing process and one of the most extensive areas of marketing systems. If firms select proper procedures, appropriate and targeted advertisement through using the knowledge, expertise and experience in their marketing process, they can ,in addition to promoting the welfare of customers, gain huge capital for their own firm. Therefore, before conducting any advertisement, it is necessary to identify effective socio-economic factors on making impressible goods. In this regard, this research, by applying multiple-group discriminate analysis for the gathered data of 201 food customers of Mashhad selected by the simple random sampling method in the year 2012, has investigated these factors. Results showed that age, marital status, education level and income level are the most important variables on discriminating between the customers influenced by sellers and the customers influenced by media. In addition, household dimension, average rate of consumption and gender are the most important variables on discriminating between the customers influenced by friends and acquaintances and the customers influenced by sellers and media.
E. Ghorbanian; M. Zibaei; M. Ghorbani; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Due to limitation of available water and soil resources in Iran, the challenge of optimizing the utilization of these resources has become more significant. One of the solutions to the economic, planning and optimization of water use and achieve the optimum level of water use is associated with improved ...
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Due to limitation of available water and soil resources in Iran, the challenge of optimizing the utilization of these resources has become more significant. One of the solutions to the economic, planning and optimization of water use and achieve the optimum level of water use is associated with improved farming activities and this is the most important agricultural research needs. The study of price and yield time series data between 1999-2009 and questionnaire data (2010-2011) of the plains Kavar in Fars province, has used and determine the optimal amount of water for agricultural cultivation pattern and using mathematical programming models considered. The results show that the maximum profit with the goal of maximizing utility, make more profit, but it is also more water consumption. Also, water consumption and utilization inversely with risk averse farmer is not using all of their water resources.
M. Hosseinzadeh; M.R. Kohansal; M. Ghorbani
Abstract
The purpose of this study, determining the optimal cultivation pattern by using Interval mathematical programming approach among the farmers of Esfarayen County before and after targeting the subsidies. For this purpose, Farmers based on water resources classified in three group of using the river water, ...
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The purpose of this study, determining the optimal cultivation pattern by using Interval mathematical programming approach among the farmers of Esfarayen County before and after targeting the subsidies. For this purpose, Farmers based on water resources classified in three group of using the river water, deep wells water and rainfed cultivation. The required data for this study has been obtained by using simple random sampling method and questionnaire completion from 207 farmers of this three category. The results of determining the optimal cultivation pattern in three categories indicated that the optimal cultivation pattern according to existing constraints in group of using river water is Onion cultivation before and after targeting the subsidies. In group of using deep wells water, optimal cultivation pattern before targeting the subsidies is cultivation of sorghum, irrigated alfalfa, sunflower and seed watermelon and after targeting the subsidies is cultivation of sorghum, irrigated alfalfa, cumin and seed watermelon. Optimal cultivation pattern before targeting the subsidies for rainfed cultivation is cultivation of Chickpea and Lentil. Also optimal cultivation pattern after targeting the subsidies in this group for α = 0 is cultivation of Chickpea, Lentil and Barley and for other value of α is cultivation of Chickpea and Lentil.
M.R. Kohansal; H. Rafiei Darani
Abstract
Considerable consequence of households’ consumption expenditure changes is on energy using in agricultural sector and in other economical sectors. The main objective of this paper was to study of consequences increasing rural and urban households expenditures on changing of energy using in agricultural ...
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Considerable consequence of households’ consumption expenditure changes is on energy using in agricultural sector and in other economical sectors. The main objective of this paper was to study of consequences increasing rural and urban households expenditures on changing of energy using in agricultural sector and on producing of environmental pollutants in Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, we used input-output tables of 2001 as a base data which was updated for 2007 in Khorasan Razavi province by using RAS method. In this paper, the consequences of increasing households' expenditure on energy using and also producing of environmental pollutants were studied in 6 scenarios. The results showed that in constant conditions, 10% increase in urban households’ expenditure causes 2.74% increase in energy using in agricultural sectors and also causes 7.32% increase in energy using in other sectors. While 10% increase in rural households’ expenditure causes 0.921% increase in energy using in agricultural sectors and causes 2.12% increase in energy using in other sectors. Also in constant conditions, 10% increase in urban households’ expenditure cause 1.07% increase in energy using in agricultural sector and also causes 0.02% increase in energy using in other sectors, while about rural households 10% increase in consumption’s expenditure causes 0.43% increase in energy consumption in agricultural sector and causes 0.04% increase in other sectors. The results showed that the consequences of changing of urban household expenditure on energy using in agricultural sector is more than the consequences of changing of rural households’ expenditure. Also the increase of households’ expenditure about agricultural products has little effects on total energy using of province. The results also showed the effect of increasing province households’ expenditure on increasing of producing CO2 pollutant; that the increasing of CO2 pollutant was considerably more than increasing of other pollutants. Producing of SO3 and CH4 were little; that referred to energy using systems in agricultural sector.
M. Hasannejad; M.R. Kohansal; M. Ghorbani
Abstract
AbstractWater pricing is a policy instrument for improving water efficiency, reducing water demand, management of the irrigation systems and recovering costs. The underlying principle of water pricing is that it should reflect the opportunity cost of water. In this study, Parametric Mathematical Programming ...
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AbstractWater pricing is a policy instrument for improving water efficiency, reducing water demand, management of the irrigation systems and recovering costs. The underlying principle of water pricing is that it should reflect the opportunity cost of water. In this study, Parametric Mathematical Programming approache were used to estimate the willingness of farmers to pay for groundwater under different conditions of water supply and crop patterns and during different time periods. Required data were obtained from a random sample of 190 farmers in Ramjerd Plain using Stratified Random Sampling. The results provided indicated that the average WTP value varies between 427 to 562 Rials/m3. So, farmers are willing to pay at least one and half times the prevailing price of water. The WTP of farmers who use groundwater and surface water conjunctively was less than the WTP of farmers who use only groundwater. The results also showed that water demand is elastic in wet seasons (η=1.37) but it is inelastic in dry seasons (η=0.39. Finally, farmers tend to use deficit irrigation strategies and to improve water efficiency when water price increases.JEL classification: C13, C14, Q25, Q28
M. Ghorbani; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
AbstractThis paper surveyed factors influencing farmers willingness to participate in green subsidy program for adopting and continuing on soil conservation practices using a cross sectional data of 175 rain-fed wheat producers of Khorasan Razavi province and logit model. Results showed that household's ...
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AbstractThis paper surveyed factors influencing farmers willingness to participate in green subsidy program for adopting and continuing on soil conservation practices using a cross sectional data of 175 rain-fed wheat producers of Khorasan Razavi province and logit model. Results showed that household's income, slope of land, required credit for soil conservation at farm level, farmers' awareness of effects of soil conservation and sloped cultivated land to total cultivated lands ratio have positive effect and soil conservation experience has negative effect on probability of farmers' participation in green subsidy program of soil conservation practices. Based on results, awareness about the effects of soil conservation, conducting the program towards small farmers through long-run repayment and gratuitous helps, initial targeting to lands with higher slope, attempt to increase farmers' revenue through supplementary activities so as create incentive for receiving soil conservation subsidy credit and serious attention to required credit for soil conservation at farm level suggested.
S. Abed; M. Ghorbani; H. Liaghati; M.H. Aghakhani; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper using a cross sectional data of 210 selected farmers of Khorasan Razavi province in 2009 by stratified random sampling method tried to provide a practical framework to firms of agricultural machinery technology production so that using it's plan for sale leasing to answer the actual ...
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AbstractIn this paper using a cross sectional data of 210 selected farmers of Khorasan Razavi province in 2009 by stratified random sampling method tried to provide a practical framework to firms of agricultural machinery technology production so that using it's plan for sale leasing to answer the actual needs and lack of agricultural exploitation. Results showed that in high-price technologies group, tractor has first priority and the next priority is for combine. In technology groups of medium-price, broadcast seeder and chopper have first and second priority, respectively. In low price technology groups, plow, disk and subsoiler are in first to third ranks, respectively. In three technologies set, tractor allocated the highest demand and then its implement instruments have the highest demand. Therefore, in planning sale leasing, tractor and its mounted implement instruments, broadcast seeder, chopper and combine should be in the initial targeting and other applications considered in the next targeting. On the other hands, public and private machinery sector must focused on sale planning to fast delivery of agricultural machinery technology demand, interest rate lower than 10 percent, individual bonds, the domestic production technology and annual repayment installments. Subsidy participation of government in relation with interest rate premium requested for leasing companies and agricultural exploiters can help to process formation of this industry in agriculture sector and ultimately effective demand of farmers for these technologies.
