Agricultural Economics
M. Majidian; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Exporting agricultural products is considered as one of the strategies for developing non-oil exports and achieving sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Saffron, as an export commodity, holds particular significance in Iran's non-oil exports. Given Iran's position among the top four saffron-exporting ...
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Exporting agricultural products is considered as one of the strategies for developing non-oil exports and achieving sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Saffron, as an export commodity, holds particular significance in Iran's non-oil exports. Given Iran's position among the top four saffron-exporting countries globally, this study aims to prioritize Iran's saffron target markets based on market competition indices and calculate its relative advantage and export stability index in the world market and Iran's export target countries. Comparison of the global market structure of the product during 2003 to 2022 revealed that despite the significant shares of Iran, Spain, England, and Nigeria in most years, the market structure has been characterized by a multi-sided monopoly, open and closed, and in some years dominated by oligopoly, indicating an increase in the number of competitors and the competitiveness of the export market for this product. Iran, with an average share of 13.6% in the saffron export market and producing over 80% of saffron, does not have a direct share in global exports, and most of Iran's saffron is exported to countries such as the UAE, Spain, China, and Oman, and then re-exported to other countries, for which strategies such as market expansion and branding need to be prioritized. The results showed that in 2022, four countries, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Iran, and Spain, accounted for 93% of the total world exports, and Iran ranked second in terms of export volume in the saffron export market during the study period. Also, Iran had an export stability index of less than one (0.96) but the trend of this index indicates a decrease in Iran's stability. The results showed that the majority of Iran's saffron exports are concentrated in only four countries, with the composition of these countries varying over time. To enhance market stability and growth, it is crucial to expand the target export markets. Prioritization should be given to China, UAE, Spain, India, USA, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Kuwait, with average priority ranks of 4.15, 6.85, 7.7, 7.95, 8.9, 12.3, 14.35, 15.25, 15.5, and 16.45 respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the export market for saffron is oligopolistic. Therefore, it is essential for all exporting countries to collaborate in determining the price and market share for each country. This collaborative approach can help in stabilizing the market, ensuring fair pricing, and promoting sustainable growth in the saffron industry.
Agricultural Economics
N. Mohammadrezazade Bazaz; M. Ghorbani; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Due to the importantance of sugar in daily consumption of Iranian households, governments annually store sugar as a strategic reserve. Therefore, managing and timing adjustment for the inventory of this product is essential in its ability to compete in markets, modifying the temporal and spatial distribution ...
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Due to the importantance of sugar in daily consumption of Iranian households, governments annually store sugar as a strategic reserve. Therefore, managing and timing adjustment for the inventory of this product is essential in its ability to compete in markets, modifying the temporal and spatial distribution of products and inputs in economic subdivisions. In recent years, at national scale there was extra sugar in warehouses and a few cases of shortages in stock were exception. Higher sugar production along with lower sale, will increase the costs, so the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting sugar surplus and its export in Iran data time searies 1991-2017. In this study our results showed that sugar beet and sugar price as product price did not play a decisive role in stock surplus. Therefore, the stock surplus can neither be the result of price policies nor it be resolved through price policies. It seems that the government should adopt other policies, such as adjusting the timing of import decisions, resolving conflicts between government objectives, and providing strategic reserves from domestic products and gradual elimination of imports, support factories for improving and upgrading equipment, and help sugar beet producers to achieve cheaper product rather than using price policies related to sugar and sugar beet prices.
H. Ailbakhshi; A. Dourandish; M. Sabouhi Sabouni
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding the temporal and spatial fluctuations of climatic parameters (such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, etc.) and its impact on agricultural sector is essential for managing agricultural resources and adopting appropriate strategies. Precipitation directly affects ...
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Introduction: Understanding the temporal and spatial fluctuations of climatic parameters (such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, etc.) and its impact on agricultural sector is essential for managing agricultural resources and adopting appropriate strategies. Precipitation directly affects the production of dry crops by supplying the required moisture for the plant, and indirectly affects the production of aquatic crops through supplying surface and underground water resources. Climate change has an effect on temperature and precipitation distribution and consequently affects the plants water requirement and agricultural water consumption. Overall, climate change is influenced by both temperature and precipitation. Due to the changing rainfall pattern and average temperature of the atmosphere, this phenomenon can damage the production of agricultural products that maintain the major food sources of the country. Given the important role of agriculture in the country's economy and the existence of the ongoing water crisis and drought in the country, climate change can have major impacts on their aggravation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of climate change and water scarcity on agricultural production, price and income in Iran.
Materials and Methods: The multi-market model, sometimes referred to as the "finite general equilibrium" or "multi-market partial equilibrium model", has reduced the complexities of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. The AMM template was used for this purpose. To simulate the effects of climate change, crop yields were calculated using yield response coefficients. Then, the demand function of different products was calculated using estimated elasticities and finally climate change has been simulated for 2025.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that climate change would increase, yield of rainfed wheat, blue barley, dry barley and maize grain in semi-arid climate and subtropical climate, in addition dry barley and barley products in warm semi-arid climate and subtropical climate, and finally rainfed barley and corn products Grain in temperate semi-arid climates and subtropicals climate by 2025 relative to current levels. Climate change also would decrease yields of dry wheat and barley in temperate semi-arid climates and subtropicals, and also wheat in warm and semi-arid climates and subtropicals for 2025 compared to the present value. The results also showed that climate change would expand the water available for the blue wheat crop in the semi-arid climate and sub-climates, besides the blue barley crop in the semi-arid, semi-arid, and temperate semi-arid climates for 2025 compared to the present value. Climate change also might reduce the amount of water available for the blue wheat crop in the climate and sub-arid and semi-arid sub-climates, therefor the corn yield in the cold and semi-arid sub-climates and sub-climates for 2025 compared to the present value. The results also revealed that climate change would diminish cultivation of maize crop in semi-arid climate and temperate climates in addition irrigated and rainfed wheat crop in warm and semi-arid sub-climate and also rainfed wheat crop in semi-arid climate by 2025 relative to the present situation. Also the area under cultivation of blue barley and dry barley crops in warm and semi-arid climates, cold and semi-arid climates, and blue wheat crop in semi-arid climates and rainfed wheat crop in temperate and semi-arid climates would decrease by 2025.
Conclusion: The results also demonstrated that with the climate change, the amount of maize crop production in cold and semi-arid climates and sub-climates, and the production of blue and dry wheat crops in warm and semi-arid climates, cold semi-arid, temperate and dry semi-arid climates for 20 years would decrease relative to current value. Also, the production of irrigated and rainfed barley in warm and semi-arid climates, sub-climates and temperate semi-arid climates for 2025 would increase compared to the present situation. Thus the first hypothesis of the study: "Climate change and water scarcity reduces agricultural production" is not approved in Iran. The results also explained that with the climate change the prices of wheat, barley and maize crops in the semi-arid and temperate climates for the year 2025 would also rise, so the second hypothesis of the study "Climate change and scarcity of water resources will increase the prices of agricultural products in Iran” is confirmed. The results also show that with climate change, farmers 'incomes in cold and semi-arid climates, temperate and warm semi-arid climates would increase by 2025 relative to their present value, so the third research hypothesis that "climate change and water scarcity reduces farmers' income" In Iran, " is not confirmed. The results also indicated that wheat, barley and maize exports remained negative by the creation of net climate change for 2025 and that the country's climate change created an importer of these products.
L. Ravand; A. Dourandish; M. Sabouhi Sabouni
Abstract
Introduction: Globalization is an inevitable process that one of its consequences is the liberalization of trade and the reduction of protectionism. Trade liberalization causing the heavily interdependent economics of the countries around the world to reduce customs and trade barriers to a minimum level, ...
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Introduction: Globalization is an inevitable process that one of its consequences is the liberalization of trade and the reduction of protectionism. Trade liberalization causing the heavily interdependent economics of the countries around the world to reduce customs and trade barriers to a minimum level, and make financial transfers between countries easily done. Rice is the most important and strategic crop after wheat and plays a significant role in trade and food security of the world and Iran. Because it provides more than 20% of human total daily calories and Almost two thirds of the world's population depends on rice for food. The total Production of Rice in Iran during 2012-2013 was about 2.3 million ton and about 93% of rice products are yielded in Gilan, Mazandaran, Khuzestan, Golestan and Fars provinces. About 88% of total production of rice in Iran is allocated to domestic consumption while just 12% of goes to the world market. Total consumption of rice in Iran is about 3.2 million ton.
Materials and Methods: The model that is used in this study is Agricultural sector partial equilibrium model with endogenous prices. The data used in present study are the average of production, consumption, export, import and area under cultivation quantity, which export and import prices for long, medium and short grain rice and import tariffs for two growing years of 2011-12 and 2012-13 are considered. These information are provided from agriculture jihad organization of Iran, Customs Office of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the book of export-import regulations. In current research, at first simple linear demand function is calibrated for long, medium and short grain rice based on demand price elasticity. The supply function involves two parts: domestic supply function and export supply function. The calibration of domestic supply is done by a Maximum Entropy integrated PMP method and calibration of export supply function is based on export supply price elasticity. It should be noted that the demand elasticities used in current study are captured from various studies and the export supply elasticities are taken as unity following Aydın et al (2004). Constraints that are used in the model are comprised of the constraints of area under cultivations, water, chemical fertilizer, variable costs, constraint of commodity balance and constraints of calibration includes area under cultivation and export.
Results and Discussion: The investigated scenarios are the reduction of import tariffs for rice by 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 100 percent. The results of present study showed that The area under cultivation of long and medium grain rice, compared to the base year (2012 and 2013 will decrease about 0.61 and 3.38 percent), in Mazandaran province, about 0.49 and 9.18 percent in Gilan province, about 2.82 and 4.32 percent in Golestan province , about 90 and 0.6 percent in Khuzestan province and about 24.47 and 2.47 in Fars province t. Short grain rice in Golestan province will decrease about 22.93 percent and in Fars province will decrease about 43.33 percent. Generally, with decreasing tariff rates, the long, medium and short grain rice, compared to the base year (2012 and 2013), will decrease about 21.5, 4 and 11.5 percent, respectively. Also, the consumption of long, medium and short grain rice will increase by 0.5, 1.1 and 0.7 percent, respectively. The average import of long, medium and short grain rice will increase by 5, 11 and 33.5 percent, respectively and Exports of long, medium and short grain rice also will increase by about 7.7%, 11.7% and 11.43% as a result of tariff cuts. Also, the net social welfare due to the reduction of rice tariff rates relative to the base year, will increase about 0.2 percent. The average welfare of consumers will increase about 1% and the welfare of producers will decrease about 1.7 percent compared to the base year. Also the welfare of the state will increase about 9.5 percent compared to the base year.
Conclusions: Considering small cultivated pieces of land, the high cost of production, the lack of relative advantage in the production of some types of rice and also the high waste of factories in the country, trade liberalization can be fruitful. Considering the importance of product advantages in producing, exporting and importing as well the best quality of Iranian rice, creating new technologies and new planting methods such as hydroponic cultivation, which leads to increased performance and increased water productivity per unit area, and also planting kinds of rice which have advantages in each province would conclude increasing the welfare of rice producers.
A. Dourandish; A.H. Tohidi; S. Soleimani Nejad
Abstract
Introduction: Providing an alternative route for mobilizing domestic savings, stock markets increase investment growth and, consequently, economic growth. Moreover, allocating better resources (through the concessions of labor division), the stock market plays an important role in economic growth. In ...
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Introduction: Providing an alternative route for mobilizing domestic savings, stock markets increase investment growth and, consequently, economic growth. Moreover, allocating better resources (through the concessions of labor division), the stock market plays an important role in economic growth. In addition to the positive effects of the stock market on economic growth, this market has high potential to create employment (direct and indirect). According to the existing conditions of the agriculture sector in meeting the needs of the society have increased the importance of this sector. Thus, it is necessary to use the stock exchange of the agricultural sector as one of the most important tools to solve the problems of this sector, improve market efficiency, increase productivity and provide financial requirements of agricultural companies in this market. Concerning the number of shares, stock volume and variety of products, agricultural exchange is the largest stock exchange. Cash returns can be used as a criterion to identify the economic status of agricultural firms in the stock market; identifying this trend plays an important role in financial planning and investment decisions. So, the main objective of this study was to compare the performance and accuracy of different methods to predict cash returns of agricultural companies in Tehran Stock Exchange.
Materials and Methods: The stock returns prediction models can be divided into two groups of statistical models and artificial intelligence. In this study, prediction accuracy was evaluated for linear (ARIMA and ARIMAX), non-linear (NAR and NARX) and hybrid models (ARIMA-ANN and ARIMAX-ANN) using monthly cash returns data over the period 2009(4)-2015(4) and according to the Diebold and Mariano test. ARIMA linear models have dominated many areas of time series forecasting. The linear function is based on three parametric linear components: auto regression (AR), integration (I), and moving average (MA). The ARIMA models also have the capability to include external independent or predictor variables. In this case, the model is a multivariate model and this model is represented as ARIMAX, where X represents the independent external. Artificial neural networks are capable of learning, generalizing, information parallel processing and error endurance. These attributes make the ANNs powerful in solving complex problems. Moreover, the ANN is able to adapt to the data pattern and relationship between the input and output, resulting in better prediction accuracy than the statistical method. The combined ARIMA(X)-ANN model is able to use the characteristics of both models simultaneously. Adding the explanatory variables, exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, oil prices and government spending, this study tried to answer the question whether performance prediction models improve significantly for linear, nonlinear and hybrid?
Results and Discussion: In this study, augmented Dicky Fuller tests (ADF), dickey fuller generalized least squares (DF-GLS), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) tests were used to test the unit root. According to results, time series of cash returns was stationary. Next we estimated ARIMA (2,0,0) and ARIMAX (2,0,0) models. Based on the criteria of accuracy, the results showed that the ARIMAX model had a higher predicting accuracy compared to the ARIMA. In this study, two models were designed using artificial neural networks to predict cash returns. the first model only included the first and second lag of cash returns (infact, the first model was Nonlinear Autoregressive model (NAR)); in the second model, in addition to two lags of cash returns, the exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, oil prices and government spending variables were used as the network inputs (this pattern is known as Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Input (NARX Model)). We find that the performance and accuracy of Auto Regression artificial neural networks increases by adding explanatory variables. In this study also used the ARIMA-ANN and ARIMAX-ANN hybrid models, in order to consider the linear and nonlinear characteristics in the data. After running the hybrid models and predicting, the results indicate that ARIMA-ANN and ARIMAX-ANN hybrid models have better performance in comparison with linear models (ARIMA and ARIMA) and non-linear models (NAR and NARX). Another result shows that ARIMA-ANN model is more accurate compared to ARIMAX-ANN. Finally, we show that hybrid models have greater prediction accuracy according to the Diebold and Mariano test.
Conclusions: The results showed that the addition of external explanatory variables could improve the prediction accuracy in linear and nonlinear models and this improvement in performance was significant statistically. The results of the study revealed that making use of hybrid models increased prediction accuracy significantly. Therefore, researchers, companies and shareholders of stock exchange are suggested to use the hybrid models in their financial planning to forecast economic variables.
B. Maadanian; A. Dourandish; M. Ghorbani; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Introduction: The role of credits in agricultural development is very important, especially after implementing land reform and converting subjects to a large class of small owners, the demand has been intensified. Seasonality of agricultural productions usually creates temporary vacuum among farmers ...
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Introduction: The role of credits in agricultural development is very important, especially after implementing land reform and converting subjects to a large class of small owners, the demand has been intensified. Seasonality of agricultural productions usually creates temporary vacuum among farmers payments and receipts, thus farmers need to save their previous incomes or seek financial help out of the sector in order to pay current expenses and investments in agriculture sector. Due to farmers low income, the saving possibility is low and therefore farmers are not in a situation that they can invest in agriculture sector from their savings or to purchase required inputs
Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to prioritize the factors affecting the delay and lack in repaying loans, therefore at first it should identify the payment factors. This means that one should find what factors are affecting the lack or delay in repayment of loans granted to farmers. So the factors affecting the delay or failure to repay the loans were identified by using the Delphi method and then prioritizing the factors will be discussed with regard to experts perspectives by using the analytical network process model.
Analytical network process (ANP) is one of the most efficient techniques for decision making with multiple criteria that it was proposed by Thomas Almaty for the first time in 1982 and as the developed form of AHP method. In cases where lower levels affect the upper levels or elements in a same level are not independent of each other, AHP method cannot be used. ANP technique is a more general form of AHP, but it does not require the hierarchical structure and therefore it show more complex relationships between different levels of decision in network form and it considers the interactions and feedbacks between criteria and alternatives. In fact the main objective of this process is to determine the overall impact of all factors in the face together.
Results and discussion: In the study, factors affecting repayment were divided into the five categories, including farmers, the rules of bank loan payment, banking laws, the government and Jihad agricultural organization . In farmers sector, the farmers primary earned cash had weight of 0.3 out of 1 among five variables. The second stage is the farmers experience which has allocated the weight of 0.23 percent itself. Project failure is located in the third rank. The duration of project restoration and farmers activity volume has less weight than other variables. The results in section of rules of bank loan payment showed that lobbying in bank is in the first place with weight of 0.28. Insurance Fund was also one of the factors that its lack causes lack of immediate repayment of the loans. About bank laws, deep court sentences also were among the factors that its lacking may lead to delay or failure to repay loans. This variable with the weight of 0.2 is among variables affecting on the loan repayment. Long process of enforcements is a factor that in bank experts perspective, it has weight of 0.19 percent compared to other variables. Experts specialties has little weight compared to the other variables. Agriculture-related factors suggested that the accuracy and frequency of visits from project are the most important variables among agents. Preventing the failure of the project is among the factors that had allocated the weight of25% to it. The focus of special funds is among factors that have allocated the weight of 20% to itself that it be considered as an important factor. Jihad agricultural experts specialty and lobbying are the factors that are not of high importance and they are in grades 4 and 5. Agents related to government that effect the loan repayment according to the results also indicated that attention to relations in the macro-level and lobbying have high impacts on non-repayment of the granted facilities. In Agricultural Bank experts views, the repayment extending policy is among the factors that cause to non-repayment of the granted facilities. This variable has the weight of 25 percent among the other variables. Interest and inflation rates are the factors that have common weight in non-repayment of the granted facilities.
Conclusions: The results showed that in bank experts views, banking laws are the most important criterion that affects the absence or delay in repayment of installments. Experts believe that if the banking system strongly enters into financial markets, it will contribute to the development of national economy. Accordingly, it was determined that lobbying in bank is the most important variable of banking laws subset, and it is the most effective factor on the lack and delay in repayment of loans. It means that if the banking legislations is performed correctly and enforced, then the payment of loans is timely and will ease the problems of lack of timely payment. On the other hand, according to bank experts, including measures that affects the delay and lack in timely payment. If the farmers have proper cash and sufficient experience in their own field, they can be successful in the timely payment.
H. Aghasafari; M. Ghorbani; A. Dourandish
Abstract
The purpose of this study is the analysis of the farmers economic behavior to reduce the adverse environmental effects of agricultural chemical inputs by using contingent valuation approach and Tobit model by Heckman's two stage. To achieve the desired goal, 100 questionnaires collected by a random sampling ...
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The purpose of this study is the analysis of the farmers economic behavior to reduce the adverse environmental effects of agricultural chemical inputs by using contingent valuation approach and Tobit model by Heckman's two stage. To achieve the desired goal, 100 questionnaires collected by a random sampling from farmers of Kashaf- rood basin in Mashhad city in 2013. Results showed that variables of age, education, type of agricultural activity, index 2 (farmers agree with the adverse effects of overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, index 5 (farmers agree with investments to protect the soil and water), Sex, number of households employed in agriculture, experience in the use of soil and water conservation practices, total area under cultivation and index 4 (farmers agree with well being of available soil and water) have a significant impact on the farmers financial participation to reduce the adverse environmental effects of chemical fertilizers. also, variables of age, education, total amount annual consumption of chemical pesticides per year, sex, main job, number of households employed in agriculture, type of agricultural activity, net savings of agriculture, land ownership status, total amount annual consumption of fertilizer per year, index 1 (farmers agree with benefits of preventing soil washing), index 4 (farmers agree with well being of available soil and water) and index 5 (farmers agree with investments to protect the soil and water) have a significant impact on the farmers financial participation to reduce the adverse environmental effects of chemical pesticides. According to the study results, Suggestions is presented for reducing the adverse environmental impacts of chemical inputs.
A. Dourandish; E. Shariat; N. Arzande
Abstract
Financial markets are one of the most crucial markets in every country. Stock exchange market and exchange market are the most sensitive sectors of financial market. These markets are affected by fluctuations and business cycles in the economy and they reflect economic changes to the economy. On the ...
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Financial markets are one of the most crucial markets in every country. Stock exchange market and exchange market are the most sensitive sectors of financial market. These markets are affected by fluctuations and business cycles in the economy and they reflect economic changes to the economy. On the other hand, disturbance in one or both markets cause concerns among policy makers. Dynamic interactions between these two markets encourage policy makers and researchers to carry out some analysis considering more details. In this study, effects of volatility of exchange market and agricultural processing industries stock market on themselves and each other have been investigated by GARCH model. Weekly data between April 2006 and January of 20014 was used. The results show that the past volatility of exchange market affects the current volatility of this market. The past shock in exchange market has effects on the current volatility of this market , the current volatility of food and beverage industries as well as the sugar industry market. Also, the past shock in sugar industries market affects its current volatility and the current volatility of exchange market and food and beverages industries market. Because changes in exchange rate affect revenues and costs of the mentioned industries, preventing the exchange rate market from fluctuations and putting it in stable by making balance between demand and supply, also controlling the central bank and other regulatory agencies will prevent these two markets from fluctuations. It is, therefore, recommended that policy makers impose monetary and financial policies that reduce volatility in capital and exchange markets.
M. Bahrami Nasab; A. Dourandish; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Determining the optimal pattern for growing crops in accordance with the availability of the resources and risk factors as well as the uncertainty of agriculture sector would help the farmers, managers and economic planners in selecting the type of the product and the level of cultivation. Fuzzy programming ...
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Determining the optimal pattern for growing crops in accordance with the availability of the resources and risk factors as well as the uncertainty of agriculture sector would help the farmers, managers and economic planners in selecting the type of the product and the level of cultivation. Fuzzy programming model with Interval programming approach is used in this study to determine the optimal cultivation pattern in the Esfarayen county while taking terms of uncertainty into consideration. The required data were gathered via 128 questionnaire and interviews with the farmers of the region as simple random sampling in 2013. Using different levels of Alpha cut in the model made the whole parameter-related fuzzy data to access the optimization process fractionally. Models assessments results with perspective to optimistic and pessimistic conditions in accordance with various Alpha cuts show the benefit increases in optimistic conditions while decreasing in conservative ones due to the increase in the level of uncertainty and risk or expansion of fluctuations periphery due to smaller Alpha cuts. Forage maize, Red beans and wheat in most case scenarios are economical as well as optimum crops for cultivation. In order to improve the farmers’ money-making situation along with optimal usage of production sources, encouraging and supportive policies to be performed by Agriculture- Jehad (Ministry of Agriculture) of Northern Khorasan or the Esfarayen county is recommended.
A. Dourandish; A. Nikoukar; M. Hosseinzadeh; A. Lavshabi
Abstract
Population growth and the needs for protein and dairy products has urged policy makers to pay attention to efficiency policies in the livestock sector. The objective of this study is to survey the factors affecting the income of milk production, to calculate cattlemen’s technical efficiency and to ...
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Population growth and the needs for protein and dairy products has urged policy makers to pay attention to efficiency policies in the livestock sector. The objective of this study is to survey the factors affecting the income of milk production, to calculate cattlemen’s technical efficiency and to determine the factors affecting the technical efficiency in the Northern Khorasan province. The required data for this study is a balanced panel data and has been obtained by using cluster sampling method and questionnaire completion from 160 dairy farms of this province between the years 2009 and 2012. The Cobb - Douglas function was used to analyze the factors affecting the income of milk production. The Stochastic production frontiers (SPF) and stochastic distance frontiers (SDF) ,with and without inclusion of inefficiency effects, were used to measure the technical efficiency and to determine the factors affecting technical efficiency. The stochastic production frontiers (SPF) ,with and without the inclusion of inefficiency effects, estimated the average technical efficiency 0/96 and 0/93. In addition, the experience, targeting subsidies and main job of cattleman have a significant positive impact on the technical efficiency. The results showed that the numbers of cattle, land, and investment in equipments, labor and feed costs have significant positive impact on the income of milk production. The stochastic distance frontiers (SDF) ,with and without the inclusion of inefficiency effects, estimated the average technical efficiency 0/91 and 0/94, respectively. The experience, targeting subsidies and main job of cattleman have a significant positive impact on the technical efficiency. The numbers of cattle, land, and investment in equipment, labor, feed and veterinary costs have significant positive impact on the income of the milk production. According to the results, high educations and extension classes, farm industrialization, increasing number of cattle, farm specialization and providing a better feed and hygienic conditions are recommended for more efficiency and increasing production in the dairy farms of the Northern Khorasan province.
A. Dourandish; M. Daneshvar Kakhki; A. Rahnema
Abstract
Abstract
Barberry is one of the most important products of South Khorasan Province. The objective of this study is analyzing the qualitative factors affecting the price of barberry in this province. Survey data from 100 questionnaires using simple random sampling of households in the city of Birjand, ...
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Abstract
Barberry is one of the most important products of South Khorasan Province. The objective of this study is analyzing the qualitative factors affecting the price of barberry in this province. Survey data from 100 questionnaires using simple random sampling of households in the city of Birjand, 1389 has been completed, was extracted. Results of the estimating Hedonic Price Model show that puff and a pretty color of barberry and also consumers’ knowledge about barberry properties have positive and significant impact on the price of barberry but the impact of brand and package on the price of barberry are not statistically significant. Thus we suggest to aware producers about consumers’ taste and utility and aware consumers about the properties of the barberry.
KeyWords: South Khorasan Province, Barberry, Consumers’ taste, Qualitative Factors
A. Nikoukar; S.S. Hosseini; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study is evaluation of government’s optimum combination of policy instruments on per capita consumption of bread and the share of this product in food cost of families in different income classes. The minimization of changes in dead weight loss function is used in this ...
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Abstract
The objective of this study is evaluation of government’s optimum combination of policy instruments on per capita consumption of bread and the share of this product in food cost of families in different income classes. The minimization of changes in dead weight loss function is used in this study. By using boot strop method and on base of normal distribution for supply elasticity and demand elasticity, statistical properties of optimum combination of the policy instruments and the welfare outcomes were analyzed. The results of the welfare outcomes in wheat market show that government protects consumers more than producers by using consumption subsidy and guarantee price simultaneously. The optimizations of governments’ policy in wheat market reduce governments’ cost and dead weight loss by reduction in protection from consumers. Results also show that per capita consumption and the share of bread in food cost of families change considerably after using optimum combination policy instruments and the effect of using optimum combination policy instruments on the share of bread in food cost of rural families is more than urban families and for low income classes is more than high income classes.
Keywords: Income class, Dead weight loss, Guarantee price, Subsidy price, Bread
M. Ghadami Kohestani; A. Nikoukar; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Abstract
Asymmetric price transmission through extending marketing margin generates rents for marketing and processing agents and affects the consumers’ welfare. Because of this reason, price transmission analysis in agricultural markets is important both in economical and political aspects. This ...
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Abstract
Asymmetric price transmission through extending marketing margin generates rents for marketing and processing agents and affects the consumers’ welfare. Because of this reason, price transmission analysis in agricultural markets is important both in economical and political aspects. This paper conducted with the aim of analyzing price transmission in Iranian chicken market. In this study, using weekly data for farm and retail prices for chicken during 1381-1388 and Threshold Model, price transmission analysis is done. Results show that price transmission in Iranian chicken market is asymmetric and farm price increases transmit to the ratail level more and faster than price decreases. Also, market adjustment policy has not had any significant effect on price fluctuations. We believe that asymmetric price transmission in Iranian chicken market is generated for the reason of high inflation rates and non-competitive structure and existence of market power in slaughtering industry. Thus, we suggest government to choose protection policies concerning private sector for investing on slaughtering industry in those provinces that have insufficiency slaughtering capacity.
Keywords: Chicken, Iran, Price Transmission, Threshold Model
A. Nikoukar; S.S. Hosseini; A. Dourandish
Abstract
Abstract
Price transmission in different levels of market has some effects on producers and dealers’ income and welfare and consumers’ expenditure and welfare. For this reason, analysis of agricultural commodities prices is important both in economical and political aspects. Existence of asymmetrical ...
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Abstract
Price transmission in different levels of market has some effects on producers and dealers’ income and welfare and consumers’ expenditure and welfare. For this reason, analysis of agricultural commodities prices is important both in economical and political aspects. Existence of asymmetrical price transmission will incur increasing in marketing margin and will have profit for marketing factors, also will decrease producers and consumers’ surplus. For the reason that beef provide society nutrition and there are too many producers in this sector, this article conducted with the aim of considering to kind of price transmission in Iranian Beef Industry. In this study, using monthly data for farm, slaughter-house and retail prices for beef during 1998-2005 and error correction model, price transmission model is estimated. Results show that price transmission in all beef marketing level in long run is symmetry and in short run from farm to slaughter-house and from farm to retail level is asymmetry. Elasticity of price transmission show that increase in farm price transmit to retail level with stronger effects. For asymmetry reason in beef market price transmission, consumers pay most expensive price from final price, and marketing factors will get profit for price fluctuation.
Key words: Price Transmission, Error correction model, Iran, Beef