Agricultural Economics
A. Parvar; H.R. Mirzaei Khalil Abadi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M.R. Zare Mehrjerdi
Abstract
Water is one of the main basic resources for development and is the most significant factor in Iranian agriculture production. The agricultural sector has an important role in production, employment, and gaining exchange and drastically affects other sectors of the economy. The purpose of this study ...
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Water is one of the main basic resources for development and is the most significant factor in Iranian agriculture production. The agricultural sector has an important role in production, employment, and gaining exchange and drastically affects other sectors of the economy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of water resources` reduction on agricultural sub-sector and other sectors` employment. The employment data were collected from SAM, 2011 and the employment generated by the economic activities of the economic sectors and the contribution of each of these sectors to employment was examined. The service sector ranked first with 24.99% employment creation and agriculture ranked second with 19%. Construction, industry, commerce, and transportation sectors ranked third to sixth, with 82.4% of the total employed working in these six sectors. The results showed that with water resources reduction by 10, 20 and 30%, the total employment decreased to 416334, 769472 and 1044114 people, respectively. In agricultural sub-sectors, the highest decrease was in farming and horticulture subsectors with an average of 14.17%. According to the results, water saving technology was a solution to reach the major goals of agricultural development, especially for employment.
Agricultural Economics
A. Parvar; H.R. Mirzaei Khalil Abadi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M.R. Zare Mehrjerdi
Abstract
Water is one of the most valuable resources available to mankind. Today, international communities are aware of the importance of water for sustainable economic growth in the present and future. In this study, the effect of reducing water resources on economic sectors and agricultural sub-sectors was ...
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Water is one of the most valuable resources available to mankind. Today, international communities are aware of the importance of water for sustainable economic growth in the present and future. In this study, the effect of reducing water resources on economic sectors and agricultural sub-sectors was investigated through a social accounting matrix model. The results are presented in the form of absolute and relative effects. The direct and indirect impacts of a 10 and 50 percent reduction in water resources have been a decrease in the production of 3.4 and 22 percent from the viewpoint of a demanding, 4.7 and 24 percent from the viewpoint of a supplier, for agricultural products. From the perspective of a demanding, a 10 percent reduction in water resources has led to 10.5 percent production reduction of other economic sectors. The relative effects of 10 percent water reduction from a supplier’s point of view indicate that the greatest reduction was in water and other resources sectors. The relative reduction in water resources from the viewpoint of demanding has the greatest impact on water and veterinary sectors. From the perspective of the absolute effects on the demanding and the supplier, the vulnerability of urban households as a result of water resource reduction has been greater than that of rural households. Considering the relative impacts on a supplier, the impact of reduced income is greatr on urban low-income households than low-income rural households. Relative reduction of water resources from the perspective of demanding has a greater impact on capital factor than on labor factor
Agricultural Economics
A. Azizi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M.R. Zare Mehrjerdi
Abstract
AbstractThis paper evaluates the effect of water scarcity and climatic conditions on farmers' irrigation decisions in the production of major crops including wheat, barley, cotton, sugar beet, and alfalfa in North-Khorasan province. Farmers’ irrigation decisions are defined with a management model ...
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AbstractThis paper evaluates the effect of water scarcity and climatic conditions on farmers' irrigation decisions in the production of major crops including wheat, barley, cotton, sugar beet, and alfalfa in North-Khorasan province. Farmers’ irrigation decisions are defined with a management model composed of equations of the share of irrigated land, technology adoption, and the irrigation frequencies, which investigated the effect of water scarcity indicators and climatic factors, farm water supply method, land characteristics, and farmers’ demographic features. For this purpose, the required data were collected from the 380 questionnaires, completed by farmers in cultivation year of 2017-2018. Then, the equations of the management model were estimated using fractional logit, binomial logit, and OLS methods. The results indicated that economic and physical scarcity of water resources, climatic conditions of temperature and precipitation, severe events of frost and heat, and drought have noticeable impact on farmers’ irrigation decisions. Farmers try to reduce the damage caused by climate change and water scarcity by deciding to irrigate their farms and adopting new irrigation technologies. Also, the type of water sources, i.e. surface and groundwater, irrigation method, soil quality of cultivated land, and land size have significant effects on their decisions. In regions without available surface water resource, the cultivation areas of irrigated land are declined. Also, due to water scarcity, farmers are more willing to invest on new technologies to improve irrigation efficiency. In the farms with higher soil quality, improved cropland direction and slope, and resource availability, farmers are more willing to invest on new irrigation methods and increase irrigation frequencies. Therefore, the implementation of policies on improving land quality and cropland integration can increase the acceptance of new technologies, and reduce the water usage. In addition, farmers’ demographic characteristics such as experience, tenure, and education influence their decisions for irrigation. Creating suitable conditions for the education and training of farmers will increase farmers’ awareness of new agricultural methods and the importance of water resources. Findings of this study provide vision on – how of farmers reaction against crop production systems as well as mitigation policies to confront climate change impacts.
S. Shamsadini; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M. A. Yaghoobi; S. Nabieian; M. R. Pourebrahimi
Abstract
Introduction: Eliminating the deprivation of less developed areas has always been considered as a challenge to the realization of economic and social justice in the country that was not realized due to various reasons such as geographical isolation, imposed war and insecurities, inconsistencies and limiting ...
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Introduction: Eliminating the deprivation of less developed areas has always been considered as a challenge to the realization of economic and social justice in the country that was not realized due to various reasons such as geographical isolation, imposed war and insecurities, inconsistencies and limiting factors of investment security, and credits. The budget and credit law is one of the most important strategic tools to achieve the goals of each country. Credits are the most important tools for tracking policies and priorities, programing, and modifying activities. Therefore, the proper understanding of this tool and its principled application, as well as the optimal allocation method, is very important. In general, the governments are attempting to allocate the resources optimally and reduce inequalities through optimal programing. Accreditation is regarded as a strategic tool for implementing the government's duties in the economy which can provide a competent and accountable government and promote people's participation. The previous studies indicated that traditional budget allocation patterns are not efficient and appropriate leading to inequality and widening gap between regions. Using traditional accreditation patterns led to the acceleration of inappropriate allocation of spatial areas of population, facilities, infrastructure and investment in Iran. Optimality and efficiency are considered as the most important aspects of budgeting and accreditation, which can improve the financial performance of the government, decrease inequality and increase the level of development in the regions. In this regard, the researchers always attempted to provide a scientific approach based on mathematical optimization methods for the optimal and efficient allocation of financial and credit resources.
Materials and Methods: Goal programing approach was introduced by Charnes and Cooper (7). It was one of the approaches to multi-objective decision-making problems classified as mathematical optimization approaches with multiple targets. This model presented an optimal solution for optimizing the objective function in accordance with the applied constraints based on decision-making atmosphere and developed constraints.
In this method, a certain number was determined for the goal and the related target function was categorized. Finally, the answer minimizing the total weight of each target deviation than the goal determined for the same target was searched. In order to optimize the appropriation of agricultural credits in Kerman province, a goal planning model was designed and presented for achieving the goals. In this method, for each goal, a certain number is assigned to the ideal, then the target function is formulated. Finally, a search result is obtained that the total weight of the deviation of each goal is related to the ideal determined to minimize the same goal. The most important macroeconomic, social and environmental goals including 6 indices: comparative advantage, labor productivity, water productivity, land productivity, fertilizer productivity and mechanization coefficient, respectively were considered for the model. Fuzzy AHP method was used to determine the coefficient of importance of these indices in nine northern township of this province.
Results and Discussion: The results show that to achieve the common goals of different township of the province, it is necessary to allocate more credits to all township, especially Rafsanjan, Sirjan, Shahrbabak, Bardsir and Baft. The reason for such an outcome is the existence of capacity and potential of agriculture in these township. In Kerman, considering the available capacity and potential in agriculture, it is not necessary to use more credits. Thus, allocating credits to the county of Kerman is practically equal to carrying out the project at a higher cost. Nonetheless, other township can certainly and potentially attract more funding at a lower cost. It is worthwhile to say that to achieve the overall objectives of this study, goal programing models for reallocating agricultural credits to the field has been used. In other words, due to existing and available credits, we can plan purposefully and reprogram to achieve higher levels of macro goals in agriculture in Kerman province
Conclusions: Based on the results, the credits allocated in 2014 which was made by law was not balanced. Second, considering ideals, the allocation of available credits is not optimal. Comparing the six considered ideals, all ideals, except the mechanization coefficient ideal which is higher in this situation, were lower; therefore, the present allocation of credits is not optimal. Third, the ideals could be realized if there was a convergent allocation in the agricultural credits (a convergence allocation means using more capacities and potentials in more potent Townships). In other words, the capacities and capabilities of the agricultural activities in these Townships have remained useless due to the lack of awareness and incorrect allocation of credits.
Therefore, these potentials can be used with the low cost in order to reduce regional inequality, and make a convergence in the production and employment in Kerman province if a balanced budget and programs agricultural credits related can be launched.
M. Jamshidifar; M. Salarpour; M. Sabouhi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M. Ahmadpour Borazjani
Abstract
Introduction: Poultry is now one of the largest industry in Khorasan Razavi province and chicken meat has an important role in household food needs. Developing appropriate studies that lead to strategies for handling poultry products to fulfil consumers’ demand have become quite a challenging issue ...
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Introduction: Poultry is now one of the largest industry in Khorasan Razavi province and chicken meat has an important role in household food needs. Developing appropriate studies that lead to strategies for handling poultry products to fulfil consumers’ demand have become quite a challenging issue especially due to crisis situation. Supply chain system in this paper means a chain of processes from the rearing farm to the final consumer of the finished product and provide useful operational analysis of system behaviors for managing supply chain under demand uncertainties and production disruptions.
Materials and Methods: In this paper, a system dynamics model is applied for studying the behavior of the chicken meat supply chain threatened by bird flu, demand fluctuation and Government (State Livestock Affairs Logistics) intervention under the Vensim environment. The model is an extended version of real-life practice which involves producers, consumers and government. A causal loop diagram used to show how interrelated variables affect one another and connect together. This important diagram can handle assumptions regarding facing various calamities and disaster which is an integral part of the poultry industry. This dynamic model development can track possible disasters in time to prepare facing them. To cover more possibility, we propose three scenarios of different levels for demand and present of loss bird. To find out the most efficient rearing rate in crisis situation, demand fluctuation and loss bird rate are considered simultaneously in scenarios. Importance of chicken meat strategic reserve for Norouz lead us to impose a constraint for government purchasing and expenditure during the last month of simulation. Operations during a 120 days are simulated and a what-if analysis performed to study the model stability under uncertainty environment.
Results and Discussion: As a starting position no bird losses rate and demand problems included and supply chain fills all of demands without purchase chicken meat from external markets. The equilibrium was reached when the available live chicken level equals to 382 (ton/day). Results showed that without changing demand levels for achieving supply chain stability, the system need to import chicken meat for entire of the crisis period and government intervenes in market to ensure remunerative prices for producers and affordable prices for consumers. In sanitary crisis situation, decreasing demand can reduce the external purchases and unexpected costs but it decreases net income of producers simultaneously. In all scenarios external purchases and unexpected government purchasing are zero when the demand decreasing level is maximum. The simulation results showed that 10 percent of domestic farms affecting by Bird flu can increase the amount of external purchases up to 40 (ton/day) and give rise to unexpected government expenditures by 3360 (million Rial). It is evident from the model that slaughtering all reared chicken (available live chickens) after exactly 42 days can give number of benefits to the industry and profit is maximize in the simulated behavior for this scenario test. Reduction of rearing time can increase the amount of available chicken meat and net income of producer by 18 percent. In contrast, an increase of 15 days in rearing time can considerably reduce net income of producer by 30 percent. This means that a reduction of rearing time (standardization of poultry size and weight) can be a solution to improve poultry industry in Khorasan Razavi province. Income of producer is sensitive to the crisis and it is reduced up to 27 percent at peak of bird loss rate. Poultry producers are suffering from economic loss due to management, bird disease and transportation stress. These factors not only affects the quantity but also decrease the quality of chicken meat. On the other hand, 5 percent decrease in slaughterhouse and transportation mortalities immediately leads to an increase in supply chain incomes and the level of chicken meat inventory. According to the result, with management of chicken transportation, slaughter and rearing time, even in the worst scenario when the loss bird rate was maximum, it is possible to fulfil demand with domestic production capacity.
Conclusions: The supply chain is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors such as government intervention. Therefore an establishment of an integrated system between rearing farms, transport system, slaughterhouse and government purchasing can be helpful especially in crisis period. Poultry industry can integrate complete supply chain network so decision-makers can assist calculating the economic returns and reduce the risk. Moreover, producers will be able to compete with the other provinces and global markets as well as reducing their operational costs. Future research can focus on the different variables and study poultry wastes of processing by-products on the poultry industry in Khorasan Razavi province.
H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; E. Javdan
Abstract
AbstractResearch and Development (R&D) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of R&D spending on growth and total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran's agricultural sector. We estimate ...
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AbstractResearch and Development (R&D) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of R&D spending on growth and total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran's agricultural sector. We estimate growth and productivity models using Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and data over 1974 to 2007. Our results indicate that research and development spending has positive and significant effects on growth and total factor productivity in Iran's agricultural sector in short and long term. Therefore research and development can be used a main source of further growth of agricultural sector.JEL Classification: O4, D24, Q16
S. Naghavi; H.R. Mirzaei Khalil Abadi; S.A. Jalaee Esfandabadi; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi
Abstract
AbstractIn present paper has tried to examine and investigate quality of effectiveness of monetary Shocks on the growth of agricultural Sector by using Time series dataes of Iran Economy during 1960-2006 , filter Hodric-Prescott method and liner Regressive models. The resultes Show that qualily of effectiveness ...
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AbstractIn present paper has tried to examine and investigate quality of effectiveness of monetary Shocks on the growth of agricultural Sector by using Time series dataes of Iran Economy during 1960-2006 , filter Hodric-Prescott method and liner Regressive models. The resultes Show that qualily of effectiveness monetary shocks on growth of Agricultural Sector is Asymmetric and length of effectiveness Monetary Shocks is symmetric . in other words negetive monetary shocks affect growth of agricultural Sector more than positive monetary shocks on the and reflection of value added of agricultural to positive monetary shocks is small than negetive monetary shochs.however, monetary policies aren,t suitable for influence on production of agricultural sector. However, it is Necessery policemakes use suitable policies for influence production of sector agricultural.
M.R. Pakravan; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; O. Gilanpour
Abstract
AbstractExport of nonoil goods in economic activities is so important and its effect on economic and comparative growth is undeniable. So, Emphasize on agricultural sector and development of export in this sector prepares good conditions, for Iran, to be present at international markets relying its advantages. ...
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AbstractExport of nonoil goods in economic activities is so important and its effect on economic and comparative growth is undeniable. So, Emphasize on agricultural sector and development of export in this sector prepares good conditions, for Iran, to be present at international markets relying its advantages. The study tries to recognize necessary policies to enhance agricultural export potentialities. To this end, this study investigates determinants of supply and demand of Iran’s agricultural products export from 1965 to 2007 by using Tree-stage least square. The result indicates that shadow exchange rate, relative prices, product quantity, domestic price and dummy variable related to war, are effective variables on demand and supply of exports. Also, price elasticity in long run and short run for export demand are estimated to be -1.83 and -2.12, respectively. And Price elasticity of export supply in short run is 2.17.JEL Classification: F10, F11, Q11 ،Q17, Q19
A. Esmaeeli Dastjerdipoor; H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi
Abstract
Extension of trade liberalization in countries is cause to increasing amount of goods in different sectors. Exploit of global trade by increasing competitive power was regarded by researchers and policymakers in different countries. Whereas abundance of production factor is one of the agent that makes ...
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Extension of trade liberalization in countries is cause to increasing amount of goods in different sectors. Exploit of global trade by increasing competitive power was regarded by researchers and policymakers in different countries. Whereas abundance of production factor is one of the agent that makes advantage and qualitative land and labor force are two abundance production factors in agricultural sector in Iran, this article survey trade pattern of Iran in agricultural sector from abundance aspect of these factors. For this aim estimated amount of land and labor embodied in export and import of agricultural production traded denotation with production and trade partners of Iran by using indicator methods and calculation material flow during 1376-86. The results indicated that the trade pattern of Iran in agricultural sector is adverse with abundance of qualitative land and labor force. In other words never less existing capable land abundance labor force in Iran this country is net importer of virtual land and labor through trade o agricultural goods with trade partners. So it is necessary that agricultural trade pattern is reviewed for achieving maximum social benefits and international trade flows.
Classification of JEL: F13, Q17, Q24
H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; M.R. Pakravan
Abstract
AbstractKhoy is the greatest producer of sunflower in Iran. The main aim of this research is position’s analyzing of kinds of efficiency (technical, allocation’s, economic and scale) for sunflower’s users in this city. This research is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Statistics ...
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AbstractKhoy is the greatest producer of sunflower in Iran. The main aim of this research is position’s analyzing of kinds of efficiency (technical, allocation’s, economic and scale) for sunflower’s users in this city. This research is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Statistics and data are filling out the 140 questionnaires in 2007_2008. Results show that average of technical, allocations, economical and scale Efficiencies of sunflower productions in area are, in order, 66, 54/7, 35/9 and 75/9. Inefficiency, at first, is related to allocation’s inefficiency, and then by reason of different qualities of inputs like water and field. Results show that all producing inputs are less than optimum consumed amount and the most discrepancy of consumption is 886/7 in water savings and 385/76 in manure. According to the result, it is possible to increase agricultural production and decrease cost bye using efficiency increasing programs without important changes in technology level and resource usage.JEL Classification: D21, N5, H21, E23
H. Mehrabi Boshrabadi; S. Koochakzadeh
Abstract
AbstractTo get ride of fragile and unsustainable single product export, a comprehensive knowledge of export potential and comparative advantage is required. Agricultural products can be considered as a suitable target for this purpose. For more efficient planning for agricultural products export, proper ...
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AbstractTo get ride of fragile and unsustainable single product export, a comprehensive knowledge of export potential and comparative advantage is required. Agricultural products can be considered as a suitable target for this purpose. For more efficient planning for agricultural products export, proper forecasting is necessary. To achieve this goal, two methods were used and compared. First, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and second, artificial neural networks. For this purpose, the data were received from customhouse from 1961-2006. The data from 1961- 2002 were used for modeling and the last 4 years, were used for examination of forecasting power. Results indicated that artificial neural networks radial basis was more efficient in comparison with other neural networks methods and ARIMA for forecasting the quantity of agricultural products export. Finally, the quantities of agricultural products export forecasted for 2007-2011 by artificial neural networks radial basis.
