Agricultural Economics
saeed jalalian; Alireza Karbasi
Abstract
Title: Rural-Urban Disparities in Animal-Source Food Demand and Welfare Losses During COVID-19 in Iran: A QUAIDS Approach Introduction: This study investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic, marked by declining incomes and rising food prices, impacted the expenditure share and consumption patterns of animal-source ...
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Title: Rural-Urban Disparities in Animal-Source Food Demand and Welfare Losses During COVID-19 in Iran: A QUAIDS Approach Introduction: This study investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic, marked by declining incomes and rising food prices, impacted the expenditure share and consumption patterns of animal-source foods (ASFs) in Iranian households. ASFs, including meat, dairy, eggs, and aquatic products, are vital for protein and essential nutrients, particularly during crises, but are costly and sensitive to supply chain disruptions. The research explores how economic and health-related shocks altered household budgets and food consumption, focusing on ASFs due to their nutritional importance and budgetary impact. Using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model, the study provides a nuanced analysis of short-term pandemic effects, distinguishing between urban and rural areas to capture regional disparities. It also estimates welfare losses through compensating variation and analyzes Hicksian price elasticity, offering actionable insights for policymakers to address nutritional deficits and mitigate welfare losses. This research fills a critical gap by providing empirical evidence on pandemic-induced food demand disruptions in Iran, contributing to broader efforts to improve food security and ensure access to nutrient-rich diets for vulnerable populations.Data:The analysis uses cross-sectional household expenditure data from 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2020 (peak pandemic) in Iran, covering 38,099 households in 2019 (52% urban, 48% rural) and 37,294 households in 2020 (51.4% urban, 48.6% rural). Variables include ASF expenditure shares (livestock meat, poultry, dairy, eggs, etc.), household demographics, and income levels. Method:1. QUAIDS Model: A structural demand system is employed to estimate price and expenditure elasticities, capturing nonlinear Engel curves and substitution effects. 2. Welfare Loss Calculation: Hicksian (compensated) price elasticities measure welfare losses due to pandemic-induced price and income shocks, using CV.3. Software: Stata/MP14.0 was used for econometric analysis. Results: 1. Descriptive Insights: - Rural households allocated 53.4% of food expenditure to ASF in 2019, compared to 31.4% in urban areas. By 2020, rural ASF expenditure dropped to 41.8%, while urban spending fell to 34.3%. - Poultry consumption dominated ASF expenditure (32.3% urban, 34.9% rural in 2019), but dairy and eggs saw significant declines during the pandemic. 2. Elasticities: - ASF demand was income-elastic (1.41–1.48 for urban, 1.48–1.60 for rural), indicating ASFs are normal goods. - Price Elasticities: Rural households exhibited higher sensitivity (e.g., livestock meat: -0.48 rural vs. -0.86 urban), suggesting greater vulnerability to price hikes. 3. Welfare Losses: - Rural households faced larger losses (IRR 122,915 vs. IRR 118,908 for urban households annually), driven by reduced access to livestock meat and dairy. - Eggs and aquatic meat showed the highest welfare losses, reflecting supply chain disruptions. Conclusion: This study highlights the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Iranian households, particularly their consumption of animal-source foods (ASFs). Using the QUAIDS model, the research reveals significant disparities between rural and urban areas, with rural households facing higher welfare losses and greater price sensitivity. Eggs, poultry meat, and dairy products were classified as necessary goods, while livestock meat, aquatic meat, and animal oils were more income-sensitive, indicating luxury status. Rural households, despite lower price increases, were more vulnerable due to limited budgetary flexibility, emphasizing their reliance on ASFs for protein intake. The findings align with studies from other middle-income countries, such as China and Sub-Saharan Africa, where rural populations were disproportionately affected by price volatility and allocated larger shares of their budgets to food during crises. This research underscores the precarious state of food security during economic shocks, particularly for rural communities, and provides valuable insights for policymakers to address nutritional deficits and mitigate welfare losses in future crises.Policy Implications: This study underscores the need for targeted policies to enhance food security and economic resilience in the post-COVID-19 era. The findings highlight the critical role of animal-source foods (ASFs) in Iranian diets, particularly their sensitivity to income and price changes, which disproportionately affect rural households due to limited income sources and market access. To address these challenges, policies should focus on strengthening ASF supply chains through infrastructure investment, storage improvements, and financial support for producers. Urban households, facing rising food costs, would benefit from price controls and subsidies on essential items, while rural areas require enhanced social services, such as healthcare and financial assistance, to bolster economic resilience. Additionally, promoting plant-based protein alternatives could offer a sustainable, cost-effective solution to reduce dependency on ASFs and improve long-term food security. The study advocates for a multi-faceted approach, combining targeted interventions, supply chain resilience, and dietary diversification, aligning with broader academic discourse on sustainable food systems and crisis management. These measures can mitigate the lingering economic impacts of the pandemic and ensure equitable access to nutritious food for all households.Keywords:COVID-19; Animal-source food; Welfare losses; QUAIDS model; Iran
Agricultural Economics
M. Mahmoudi; H. Mohammadi; A. Karbasi
Abstract
IntroductionAccording to United Nations reports, the world population will increase from 7.2 billion people to 9.9 billion people during the years (2016-2050) with 38% growth. With population growth, amount of demand for food consumption (in order to eliminate malnutrition and demand caused by population ...
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IntroductionAccording to United Nations reports, the world population will increase from 7.2 billion people to 9.9 billion people during the years (2016-2050) with 38% growth. With population growth, amount of demand for food consumption (in order to eliminate malnutrition and demand caused by population growth) will increase by 150 to 170 percent by 2050. Today, one of the problems and threats facing the realization of food security in human societies is existence of an unusual amount of agricultural product waste.Every year, about one third and approximately 1.3 billion tons of total food production consumed by humans with a monetary value of 936 billion dollars, it is lost or wasted, which means that 0.9 million hectares and 306 square kilometers of water required for the production of agricultural products are wasted every year. The presence of this amount of waste in Iran's agricultural products indicates a significant waste of resources in country, and management of the country's resources (especially water) according to Iran's climatic situation and forecasting and drawing the future. It is telling that (resources used in agricultural sector) will soon become an important challenge. Considering that in country, 93.5% of water resources are used in agriculture, other issues such as pollution of water reserves, transfer of agricultural water to other sectors and low efficiency of water consumption in agriculture, increasing demand for water, increasing periods drought, phenomenon of fine dust, human impact on natural resources, etc. affect the amount of agricultural production.Subgroups of fruits and vegetables have the largest share in the consumption basket of households, but there are no specific statistics for recent years about share of consumption per capita of households (separated by products used) in Iran. It is important to note that the amount of waste generated by consumers varies between 1 kg per household per week and 4.5 kg per person per week, depending on consumer behavior. Given the significance of agricultural inputs, particularly water, in the production of these agricultural products and their substantial share in household consumption, this research focuses on the fruit and vegetable subgroups. Materials and MethodsThe case study of this research acknowledges that, in addition to consumers in Mashhad, there is heterogeneity among retail and wholesale shops, as well as the city's main market squares, each contributing to varying percentages of agricultural product waste. These differences can fluctuate based on urban areas, necessitating a model that accounts for the heterogeneity within the studied population. Therefore, the multilevel Bayesian model was selected as the most appropriate tool, as discussed in the following section on the modeling methodology. Results and DiscussionBased on the results in Table (7), the gender variable, with a mean value of 0.8285 for its parameter distribution, falls within the estimated confidence interval. It is identified as one of the factors influencing the reduction of waste in fruit and vegetable products. Specifically, being a woman and having women manage household affairs (compared to men) leads to a reduction in waste. Regarding the education level of consumers, waste from fruit and vegetable products is significant only in the group with a diploma to bachelor's degree (compared to the group with education levels below a diploma). The negative sign of the average distribution of its parameter (-1.4599) indicates that this group produces more waste than those with lower education levels. The variable of household size also affects the amount of waste from fruit and vegetable products, with a mean parameter distribution of 0.3151. An increase in household size is associated with a reduction in waste. Additionally, the number of people working in the family (mean parameter distribution = 0.3733) also reduces waste, likely because a higher number of working family members can lead to increased income, allowing for the purchase of higher-quality products. The relative price parameter of agricultural products, with a mean parameter distribution of 0.1475, reduces the waste generated by consumers. As the relative price of agricultural products (e.g., fruits and vegetables) increases—when consumers compare the value of these products to other goods—they realize that consuming these products will result in less waste. Similarly, the parameter related to the distribution location of agricultural products, with a mean parameter distribution of 0.1744, also reduces the waste generated by consumers. This suggests that the more efficiently agricultural products are distributed, the less waste is produced. Suitable places for product distribution can give better access and power of choice to consumer, and based on this, consumer can avoid bulk purchases or worry about running out of products in nearby stores; He avoids and the amount of waste formed by him decreases. Product parameter (goods or services offered to customer) for agricultural products (parameter distribution mean = -0.1902) causes an increase in the waste formed in agricultural products by consumers. In other words, with increase in the supply of products (fruits and vegetables), consumers become more willing to buy and consume (like consuming a specific product during the supply season), and this causes increase in number of purchases to affect the amount of waste generated. Parameter of promoting agricultural products (parameter distribution mean = 0.0683) reduces the waste formed in agricultural products by consumers. With better introduction of product and advertisements related to the production process until its consumption; consumer understands the value of the product and tries to reduce its waste. ConclusionThe research demonstrates that individual and marketing mix factors can effectively reduce waste. Beyond the importance of each link in the food supply chain, consumer-level interventions using the marketing mix (price, product, promotion, and location) can contribute to reducing agricultural product waste. Therefore, studying consumer behavior, considering individual and social characteristics and the influence of the marketing mix, represents a potentially low-cost solution for minimizing agricultural product waste.
Agricultural Economics
H. Hashemzadeh; N. Yousefian; S. Esfandiari Bahraseman; A. Karbasi; A. Firoozzare
Abstract
Urban retail markets are state-owned retail markets that were recently established in Iran to increase the welfare of consumers and producers. To achieve this goal and expand its presence in the Iranian retail sector, it is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior within these ...
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Urban retail markets are state-owned retail markets that were recently established in Iran to increase the welfare of consumers and producers. To achieve this goal and expand its presence in the Iranian retail sector, it is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior within these markets. This study examines the various socio-economic factors influencing consumers' decisions in the retail market by using the C4.5 algorithm. The data were collected using a random sampling method through a survey of 189 consumers, focusing on the population of Mashhad, Iran, during 2019-2020. Results revealed that awareness of available discounts significantly drives consumer choices in urban retail markets. Despite existing discounts, awareness among consumers remains low, suggesting a need to review promotional strategies within the marketing mix. The study also identifies previous purchases from urban markets, household income, and education as influential factors. Findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, market strategists, and stakeholders seeking to enhance the effectiveness of local retail markets in Iran. By leveraging insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics, these markets can thrive, benefiting Iran's retail sector and overall economy. Following the study, recommendations such as enhanced promotional campaigns, education-oriented strategies, loyalty programs, collaborations with local producers, and inclusive marketing policies was made aim to improve access for all consumers to urban retail markets.
Agricultural Economics
M. Khavamoshi Yazdi; A. Karbasi
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the motivations and attitudes of consumers to choose chocolate and their effects on purchase intention. For this purpose, the effects of health variables, mood, weight control, chocoholism, sensory, packing, price, and brand trust on the purchase intention of ...
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This research was conducted to investigate the motivations and attitudes of consumers to choose chocolate and their effects on purchase intention. For this purpose, the effects of health variables, mood, weight control, chocoholism, sensory, packing, price, and brand trust on the purchase intention of chocolate have been investigated using the structural equation model. The results of this research indicate that only the variable of mood has a positive and significant effect on chocoholism. Additionally, the variables of brand trust, packaging, and price have a positive, direct, and significant impact on the intention to purchase chocolate. Mood and packaging stood out with a notable difference, indicating that these two factors are especially important from the consumer’s perspective. Furthermore, attractive packaging has the ability to attract the attention of consumers and convey important information about the product, including taste, ingredients, and nutritional value. Also, most consumers buy chocolate products from their trusted brands, so in this case, famous and reliable brands usually have an advantage, price sensitivity is different in consumer groups. These factors are often interrelated and their importance may vary depending on individual preferences, demographics, and market trends.
Agricultural Economics
M. Sheibani Nougabi; A. Karbasi; H. Mohammadi
Abstract
IntroductionToday, the businesses of the poultry industry are facing many challenges, because this industry has to manage a number of unique processes, methods and risks at the same time. Therefore, identifying the business risks of poultry production units can play an effective role in reducing the ...
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IntroductionToday, the businesses of the poultry industry are facing many challenges, because this industry has to manage a number of unique processes, methods and risks at the same time. Therefore, identifying the business risks of poultry production units can play an effective role in reducing the level of vulnerability of these businesses. Considering the need to increase the productivity of the poultry industry, one of the basic solutions is to identify the risk and measure the existing risks of this industry. Risk identification and quantification can reduce costs for industry stakeholders, and risk reduction leads to better production planning. In this regard, this study identifies the business risks of poultry production units in Khorasan Razavi province. Materials and MethodsThis study is applied as purpose and descriptive survey in terms of nature and method. This research is based on mixed research, qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population is poultry industry experts, 18 of whom were investigated by snowball sampling method as the research sample. This study proposes a new Delphi technique that uses the features of traditional Delphi techniques and the Fuzzy Delphi method. The proposed new Delphi technique is based on the integration of pentagonal fuzzy sets and the Delphi technique. Results and DiscussionThe results of the modified pentagonal Fuzzy Delphi method showed that five main risks and 36 secondary risks out of 58 identified risks are part of the business risks of poultry production units. Identified business risks of poultry production units, in order of priority, include inputs price fluctuations, command pricing, exchange rate fluctuations, sanctions, chicken price fluctuations, delay in accessing inputs, fluctuations in the purchase price of day-old chickens, fluctuations in drug and vaccine prices, imported inputs, lack of government support in the matter of production, fluctuations in subsidies to inputs, lack of animal inputs, import of poultry products, Promulgation of various instructions, poultry diseases, lack of liquidity of poultry farmers, bankruptcy of poultry farmers, fluctuations in current costs, losses, lack of medicine and vaccines, lack of expansion of poultry business, lack of confidence of poultry farmers in the government, fluctuations in profitability, investment, seasonal fluctuations in egg demand, dependence of poultry farmers on Special suppliers, supply of day-old chicks, lack of energy, exclusivity of the livestock and poultry feed supply system, egg price fluctuations, seasonal fluctuations in chicken production, seasonal fluctuations in chicken demand, weakness in providing working capital facilities to poultry farmers, lack of skilled human resources in time Appropriate, lack of technical knowledge of advanced technologies and lack of variety of poultry food ingredients. ConclusionThe business of poultry production units is facing various challenges and risks, and due to the many risks of this industry, production in this industry is facing problems and it is not possible to plan for it, and production will be disrupted in the future. Therefore, in this research, an effort was made to fully identify the business risks of poultry production units. In order to complete and finalize the business risks of poultry production units, the pentagonal Fuzzy Delphi method was used. In this regard, a questionnaire was prepared that included two parts. The first part is about the survey and information about the background of the respondents, and the second part includes the ranking of 54 identified risks. Fuzzy Delphi method in this study was done in two rounds and based on the opinion of experts, 4 more risks were added to the total of 54 risks, and finally 58 risks were analyzed using Fuzzy Delphi method. In Fuzzy Delphi, the selection of risk components among all the components that were identified in the research literature was based on the accepted threshold criterion. The results of the second round of modified pentagonal Fuzzy Delphi showed that there are 36 important sub-risks in the sector of production, market, financial, institutional and personal business risks of poultry production units. Considering the price fluctuations of livestock inputs and exchange rate fluctuations, it is suggested to allocate currency and control it by government policies in order to reduce mentioned fluctuations, or move towards diversifying poultry feed ingredients and formulating new poultry feed rations. Also, in order to avoid fluctuations in the price of chicken or eggs, it is suggested to make the distribution network smarter to prevent these fluctuations. In the poultry market, it is better to set a fair price for each kilogram of chicken according to the production costs of poultry farmers, or not to interfere with the government in the market and allow the government to set the price based on the supply and demand mechanism.
Agricultural Economics
H. Aghasafari; A. Karbasi; H. Mohammadi; R. Calisti
Abstract
The increasing concern of consumers about the quality and safety of agricultural products all over the world has caused organic products to become one of the most popular options for healthy. The increasing trend and consumption of organic agricultural products has led to the increasing growth of the ...
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The increasing concern of consumers about the quality and safety of agricultural products all over the world has caused organic products to become one of the most popular options for healthy. The increasing trend and consumption of organic agricultural products has led to the increasing growth of the market of these products in the last two decades. Due to the importance of entering and gaining a share of this growing market, this study investigates the factors affecting the international organic products market entry and determines the appropriate strategy for entering it using structural equation modeling. The data of this study was obtained by collecting 90 questionnaires from producers of organic saffron, pistachio, and raisin products in the year 2021 with available sampling method in Khorasan Razavi province. The obtained results indicate that the variables of risk and motivation to enter the international market directly and the production and marketing ownership indirectly and through influencing the motivation to enter the international market, influence the international market entry strategy. Based on this, the appropriate strategy for entering the international market of organic products, indirect, cooperative and non-attendance strategies such as indirect export, contract production and joint investment was obtained. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should remove or reduce the risks caused by sanctions and obstacles to enter the market for the direct presence of organic product producers in international markets.
Agricultural Economics
S. Yarmand; H. Mohammadi; A. Karbasi; M. Dehghani
Abstract
Export is a crucial driver of economic growth in various countries and significantly contributes to a country's entry into global markets and enhances economic success. In developing countries such as Iran, economic and social development programs prioritize the expansion of exports, particularly high ...
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Export is a crucial driver of economic growth in various countries and significantly contributes to a country's entry into global markets and enhances economic success. In developing countries such as Iran, economic and social development programs prioritize the expansion of exports, particularly high value added agricultural products. The growth in non-oil exports, such as dried fruits, and the entry of domestic producers into new global markets have led to an increased demand for Iran's export products. This has also resulted in higher production levels, increased employment opportunities, and higher value added in the related activities. To enhance export performance, which is a crucial measure of a company's success in utilizing its resources and capabilities in the international arena over a specific period of time, it is important to focus on improving marketing strategies and specialized knowledge. Therefore, this research aims to examine the impact of marketing mix and specialized marketing knowledge on the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in exporting dried fruits in Mashhad, Iran in 2022. A total of 80 questionnaires were distributed among senior managers, board members, and business managers of dried fruits SMEs using the available sampling method. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis and test of research hypotheses. The statistical data and structural equation modeling revealed that the joint impact of marketing mix and specialized marketing knowledge has a positive and significant influence on export performance. In order to improve the company's profitability, it is essential for senior managers and sales managers to recognize the significance of these two factors and undergo relevant training to acquire the necessary skills. Moreover, managers should make effective use of appropriate distribution channels to expand their exports. Simultaneously, they should consider adapting product quality and packaging to align with the preferences of foreign buyers.
H. Aghasafari; A. Karbasi; H. Mohammadi; R. Calisti
Abstract
Introduction: The environmental impacts of pesticides, genetically modified organisms and other chemicals used to increase agricultural production have raised consumers' concerns about the quality and safety of agricultural products. And now, with the increase of environmental awareness, it has criticized ...
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Introduction: The environmental impacts of pesticides, genetically modified organisms and other chemicals used to increase agricultural production have raised consumers' concerns about the quality and safety of agricultural products. And now, with the increase of environmental awareness, it has criticized modern agricultural activities. These factors have encouraged consumers to consume organic agricultural products. Way of producing the organic products can increase the production costs and, finally, increase the total price of these products. So, consumers should pay more for these products than the inorganic ones. In spite of higher prices of these products, consumers are increasingly tending to consume organic products. So that, consumers tend to pay more for better and more organic and safe agricultural products. Several factors influence the consumer payment preferences for organic products. In this study, these factors are classified into four groups and their impacts on consumer preferences are examined.Materials and Methods: This study has used the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a powerful collection of multivariate analysis techniques, which specifies the relationships between variables through the use of two main sets of models: Measurement model and Structural model. Measurement model tests the accuracy of proposed measurements by assessing relationships between latent variables and their respective indicators. The structural model drives the assessment of the hypothesized relationships between the latent variables, which allow testing the statistical hypotheses for the study. Additionally, SEM considers the modeling of interactions, nonlinearities, correlated independents, measurement error, correlated error terms, and multiple latent independents that each one is measured by multiple indicators. Unlike conventional analysis, SEM allows the inclusion of latent variables into the analysis and it is not limited to relationships among observed variables and constructs. It allows the study to measure any combination of relationships by examining a series of dependent relationships simultaneously while considering potential errors of measurement among all variables. SEM has several advantages over conventional analysis, including greater flexibility regarding assumptions (particularly allowing interpretation even in the face of multicollinearity). SEM allows the use of confirmatory factor analysis to reduce measurement error by testing multiple indicators per latent variable while offering superior model visualization through its graphical modeling interface. Structural Equation Modeling include six steps (data collection, model specification, identification, estimation, evaluation and modification). In the present study, the variables including marketing factors, awareness and knowledge, demographic characteristics and attitudes towards organic products are considered as latent variables that the relationship of these variables with the payment preferences is investigated. In order to collect required data, a researcher-made questionnaire and simple random sampling method has been used.Results and Discussion: Results indicate that given the significance of factor loadings, the indicators (observed variables) such as packaging, brand, advertising, discounts and shopping incentives, familiarity with different types of products, way to get information, familiarity with organic agricultural product stores have the required accuracy to measure latent variables. Regarding the model fitting indexes and being model values in the acceptable range, we can say that the measurement and structural models fit well with the data. The results of structural model and hypothesis testing show that awareness and knowledge, demographic characteristics, attitude towards organic products have a significant effect (0.27, 0.59 and 0.21, respectively) on consumer payments preferences. In other words, increasing the awareness of consumer about organic products, increasing household size and income, the positive attitude of consumers towards the characteristics of organic products would increase consumer payments preferences. Also, marketing factors have a significant effect (0.68) on the attitude toward organic products. So that, marketing factors including packaging, brand, advertising and discounts and shopping incentives have a positive effect on the attitude toward organic products. Therefore, hypotheses 2 through 5 are supported.Conclusion: The Findings indicate that increasing the awareness of consumer about organic agricultural products, increasing household size and income, the positive attitude of consumers towards the characteristics of organic agricultural products will increase consumer payments preferences. Therefore, it is suggested that the relevant authorities take serious action to inform about the properties and nutritional value of organic agricultural products, the differences in the labels of food products, and the existing stores supplying of organic products. Also, it is recommended that the numbers of organic supply stores are boosted, especially in areas where high-income people live.
A. Najafi; A. Karbasi; S.H. Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: In today's world, there is not a country that can provide all the needs of its society without the products and services of other countries. As a result, exchanging goods and services between countries is based on the relative and absolute advantage. By increasing private sector investment ...
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Introduction: In today's world, there is not a country that can provide all the needs of its society without the products and services of other countries. As a result, exchanging goods and services between countries is based on the relative and absolute advantage. By increasing private sector investment and research on plants breeding in developed countries, intellectual property rights have gained special importance in the seed sector. Regarding Iran as a major country in importing seeds, especially the import of vegetable seeds, it is necessary to study the Factors affecting Seed Import to Iran .The present study seeks to answer the following questions: What are the factors affecting seed import to Iran? What is the implication of intellectual property treaties for Seed Import to Iran? And whether joining to international intellectual property treaties, the aspects related to intellectual property rights which is one of the conditions for joining to World Trade Organization or the acceptance of a new plant protection treaty will increase the seed import to selected countries, including Iran? Data from 10 countries in the period from 2005 to 2016 have been used to answer this question. Selected countries, including Iran and nine other countries with developmental level close to Iran, were able to access the data they needed. These include Azerbaijan, Colombia, Egypt, China, Indonesia, Peru, South Africa, Malaysia, Brazil and Iran.Materials and Methods: This study used the gravity regression model to investigate the effects of membership in the law of intellectual and commercial law on the seeds of vegetables in Iran. Given the goal of studying the bilateral trade of countries in different years in gravity pattern, using combined data, it is possible to determine the specific trade effects of each pair of countries. But there is no such information about cross-sectional data. In this way, the relationship between other variables at any given time can be measured in a concrete way. In order to determine these factors, panel data including import variables, distance between countries, GDP per capita, population of selected countries, cultivated area, and virtual variables of membership or non-membership in any intellectual property treaties in Trade and conservation of new plant varieties from 2005 to 2016 have been used.Results and Discussion: According to the results of the Hausman test, random effects method has been used to estimate the model. In Brazil, after joining the new plant protection treaty, imports did not vary much and kept their downward trend. Peru has experienced a significant increase over a short period after joining the new plant protection treaty. Concerning the acceptance of the treaty, the aspects related to intellectual property rights for both Egyptian and Indonesian countries were regarded as an example. In Egypt, the import of vegetable seeds has been very short and temporary. Similarly, there is no significant change in the import of vegetable seeds for Indonesia. The results showed that the distance has a negative and significant effect on seed imports. Gross domestic product and population variables have a positive and significant effect on seed imports. Iran membership in each of the international treaties has a positive and significant effect on the seed imports.Conclusion: This study examined the factors affecting seed import by Iran and selected countries. The results showed that, as expected, the distance variable with the negative coefficient was significant, which means that by increasing in distance, the amount of seed imports will decrease. Population variable obtained positive and significant coefficients. That denotes that by increase in population of Iran, the amount of seed imports into Iran will increase. The other variables in this study are not significant. The membership variables in each of the treaties, the new plant cultivar conservation treaty, and the aspects related to intellectual property rights treaty are statistically significant with positive coefficient. That means membership in intellectual property treaties has a positive effect on the amount of seed imports and the amount of increase in imports depends on the degree of implementation of the commitments and adherence to the rules of these treaties. Therefore, with regard to the positive effect of joining to international treaties on seed imports, it is suggested that before joining to international treaties strengthening the infrastructure in seed industry and improving the competitiveness of this industry against seed imports should have happened.
S.H. Mohammadzadeh; A. Karbasi; H. Mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: Reducing dependence of the Iranian economy on crude oil exports and turning towards multi-product economy in export should change export policies to export non-oil products including export of agricultural products. Medicinal plants are one of the important items of agricultural exports ...
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Introduction: Reducing dependence of the Iranian economy on crude oil exports and turning towards multi-product economy in export should change export policies to export non-oil products including export of agricultural products. Medicinal plants are one of the important items of agricultural exports that in recent years, despite an increase in acreage and production, exports did not grow up with it. Iran's share of the world market for medicinal plants is less than 1%. Khorasan Razavi Province is one of the leading provinces in the production and trading of medicinal plants. Determining the type of strategy to enter the foreign markets according to market conditions is one of the most important factors affecting the development of exports, especially in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the choice of strategy to enter the foreign markets of medicinal plants of exporting companies in Khorasan Razavi province.
Materials and Methods: Khorasan Razavi province is one of the leading provinces in the production and export of medicinal plants. Saffron, Cumin, Thyme and Damask rose are among the most important export items in Khorasan Razavi province. There are 85 active companies in the field of exporting medicinal plants in Khersan Razavi province. Sampling method has been census. After removal of questionnaires and information, 64 questionnaires with complete information were examined. In order to investigate the factors affecting the selection of three types of strategies for entering the foreign markets, medicinal herbs for the period of 2016-2011 were used for the econometric model of multi nomial logit Panel model. The use of the multinomial logit panel model is necessary for the data that is composed of the time series and the sectional, as well as its dependent variable having classes and is not arranged.
Results and Discussion: Before using the model, the test was performed by Hausman test and the results of this test showed that the fixed effect pattern was chosen as the superior model. Export risks include company size, marketing mix, sanctions, export experience of companies in international markets, share of research and development costs in marketing costs, location attraction index including country development target, ease of investment in target country, economic stability. The goal of the country, such as inflation, employment rate, domestic production, labor force, diversification index of export destinations, and the availability of a credible brand, have been introduced from other factors affecting the choice of entry strategy in the study. In this study, after analyzing the static data and the linearity test, the estimated logit model for panel data was employed. The results showed that R & D variables, valid brand and marketing mix increase the probability of choosing an export strategy compared to other two types of foreign market entry strategy. Other variables affecting the model increase the probability of choosing non-export and interstitial strategies for the export strategy. The final effects of explanatory variables were calculated in three modes of change in mean, change in deviation and change of variable from minimum to maximum. The final effect states that if, for example, the size of a firm's size variable changes one unit of its average, the chances of choosing an export strategy would be reduced by 83.1 percent, and the selection of non-exporting and interstitial strategies increased by 31.5 percent and 51.4 percent, respectively. Find out If this variable changes a unit of its standard deviation, the choice of the export strategy will decrease by 76.2%, and the selection of the non-exporting and interstitial strategy will increase by 21.7% and 32.7% respectively. If this variable changes from at least its maximum, the chances of choosing an export strategy will decrease by as much as 35% and the probability of choosing two non-exporting and interstitial strategies will increase by 11.7% and 27.4% respectively. The results of theis study showed that change in two variables of international sanctions and marketing mix increases the chances of choosing export strategy than two other strategies.
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that exporting companies of medicinal plants of the province with other companies wishing to enter the foreign markets make it necessary to examine a market from different perspectives and according to different criteria so they can decide how to enter the market. The gathering of field information during the research showed the type of company managers' attention to various factors can also is the basis for choosing any kind of strategy. Managers who prefer domestic conditions they are looking for a direct export strategy.
F. Deldar; H. Mohammadi; A. Karbasi
Abstract
Introduction: The dairy industry is one of the main subsectors of Iran's food and beverage industries, since dairy consumption is essential for people's health and dairy consumption reduces health concerns about the spread of diseases such as osteoporosis and Diabetes intensifies. According to the World ...
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Introduction: The dairy industry is one of the main subsectors of Iran's food and beverage industries, since dairy consumption is essential for people's health and dairy consumption reduces health concerns about the spread of diseases such as osteoporosis and Diabetes intensifies. According to the World Food Organization (FAO) in 2014, per capita milk consumption in Iran is about 66.12 kilograms per year, which is a very low comparing to the global average. The global average per capita consumption of milk is 150 kg and Iran's per capita consumption is about one third of the global average per capita consumption of milk. For two main reasons, it can be argued that dairy buyers prefer brand names to not-so-famous brands. First, they are not familiar with the classification of products of unknown brands. Secondly, the disadvantages of dairy products create many health problems for shoppers. Hence, the brand is a capital for dairy companies because customer experiences from these products can help reduce the uncertainty and perceived risk associated with new products. Therefore, the brand image is decisive for better acceptance of products. The main goal of this study is to examine the effects of simultaneous purchases of various dairy products in Mashhad. The importance of this research is that dairy producers gain a higher profitability from various products by knowing the key factors affecting the simultaneous purchase of their own brand products, while respecting consumers and meeting their basic needs. Another goal of the study is to determine the effect of the total marketing mix on the probability of simultaneous purchases of dairy products from Kaleh, Pegah and Razavi brands (ie, checking the complementary and substitute relationship between brands).
Materials and Methods: The statistical population in this study is dairy consumers in Mashhad, which simultaneously and individually buy dairy products from major brands including Kaleh, Pegah, and Razavi. Simultaneous purchases mean that consumers buy their products at the same time at a single purchase. For example, at a purchase meeting, consumers buy Pegah milk, Kaleh Doogh and Razavi yoghurt. In this research, the interactions and simultaneous purchases of the dairy brands associated with marketing mixes and the brand loyalty effect, the time elapsed since the last purchase meeting, the average purchase price, the number of products purchased in the current session and the number of dairy purchases on the probability of buying each brand per week is reviewed.
In this study, stratified random sampling method is used and the categories considered in this study are divided into five categories according to the levels of stability and development in Mashhad. Finally, the questionnaires were completed randomly by visiting the supermarkets and hypermarkets in Mashhad. For summarizing and analyzing the data extracted from questionnaires and estimating regression models, Stata14 software was used. In this study, the Multivariate Logit and Multivariate Probite Models (MVL and MVP) have been used to achieve the research objectives. For those consumers who buy at the same time (or multiple choices), these types of models are more realistic than multinomial Logit and Probit models (MNL and MNP).
Results and Discussion: The results of the calculations showed that the time elapsed since the last session of the purchase for all brands is significant. The effect of this variable on the probability of purchasing Kaleh, Pegah and Razavi brand products is negative, ie, the more time elapsed since the last shopping session, the chances of buying Kaleh, Pegah, and Razavi brand products will be reduced. The variable number of products purchased in the present session has been positive and significant for the likes of Kaleh, Pegah and Razavi brands, but it is not significant for other brands. In other words, the higher the number of products purchased, the greater the likelihood that the customer will buy the products of Kalhe, Pegah and Razavi. The loyalty variable also has a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of purchasing the products of Kaleh, Pegah, Razavi and other brands. That is, the more buyers are more loyal to a brand, the more likely they are to buy their branded products. The results of Multivariate Logit on the impact of marketing mix on the simultaneous purchase of Kaleh, Pegah, Razavi and other brands showed that taking into account the total marketing mix, there is a bilateral complementary relationship between Kaleh and Razavi brands. Moreover, between Kaleh and Pegah, Pegah and Razavi, other brands and Kaleh, and other brands and Pegah there is a mutually complementary relationships. Indeed, when companies generally use these marketing tools, they can increase the demand for their products. Simple effects for marketing mixes for Kaleh, Razavi, and other brands indicate that with the increasing use of marketing mixes for each brand's products, the likelihood of buying products from the company increases.
H. Aghasafari; A. Karbasi
Abstract
Introduction: The consumer has an important situation in a market. Therefore, the adoption and success of developed marketing strategies, marketing mix, and other marketing programs among consumers strongly depend on the company’s ability to correctly understand consumer’s needs and expectations ...
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Introduction: The consumer has an important situation in a market. Therefore, the adoption and success of developed marketing strategies, marketing mix, and other marketing programs among consumers strongly depend on the company’s ability to correctly understand consumer’s needs and expectations as well as on properly detection and identifying individual factors and stimuli influencing consumers when purchasing products for the purpose of reaching their satisfaction. Brand is a tool to position a product or a service with consistent image of quality to ensure the development of repeating customer preferences. Companies spend a lot of money and time on the branding and thus they need to evaluate the effect of brand on consumer buying behavior. Several factors influence the choice of a brand by consumers. In this study, attitudes toward branded rice and their interaction impact on consumer purchase behavior are assessed.
Materials and Methods: This study has used the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) has been derived from the classical comparative methods that John Stuart Mill theorized in 1843 and Ragin developed and popularized the method in his seminal work. Rather than estimate the net effects of single variables, QCA employs Boolean logic to examine the relationship between an outcome and all binary combinations of multiple predictors. The advantage of QCA is that it allows the researcher to find distinct combinations of causal variables that, in turn, suggest different theoretical pathways to given outcomes. Traditionally, QCA was considered appropriate for relatively small samples, but a QCA with larger samples is technically possible and can produce meaningful results. QCA might be considered an alternative to regression analysis for samples of any size. QCA is better than regressions when the links are complex, i.e., when they are anticipated to involve conjunctural causation, asymmetric links, and equifinality. QCA is also better than regressions when you try to estimate how much a particular factor influences the outcome. As the variables are metric, the appropriate variant of QCA is fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). To analyze the complex causality in the data, essentially you need to proceed in five steps. In the present study, in order to assess the effect of consumer attitude toward branded rice on purchasing of this kind of rice, was used questionnaire tool to collect data through simple random sampling method.
Results and Discussion: Results show that 27 combinations from different attitudes indicate 20 percent of consumer according to ABCDE combination are strongly agree with all attitude toward branded rice and their agreement cause to purchase branded rice. After this, the highest percentage is related to 16% consumers with AbcDE combination. This means that consumers’ agreement with better flavor, better packaging and availability of branded rice cause to purchase branded rice. Finally, 32 combinations have been collapsed into three combinations. In the first and second combination, high agreement with better flavor of branded rice and low agreement with better packaging of branded rice effect on branded rice consumption. In the first combination, these two conditions have been combined with low agreement with enhancing the social status by consuming branded rice that obtained combination explain 26 percent probability of branded rice consumption. In the second combination, these two conditions have been combined with low agreement with availability of branded rice that explain 30 percent probability of branded rice consumption. However, the third combination only by low agreement with overpriced of branded rice or in other words high agreement with proper price of branded rice explains 53 percent probability of branded rice consumption.
Conclusions: The Findings indicated that high agreement with proper price of branded rice with the highest rate of coverage effects on purchasing of branded rice. Therefore, it is suggested that producers of branded rice, in order to increase market share, offer better prices than their competitors. The combination of attitudes high agreement with desirable flavor of branded rice, low agreement with proper packaging of branded rice and low agreement with availability of branded rice with a 30% coverage rate is in the second place in influencing on the tend to buy branded rice. So, it is recommended that producers of branded rice have more attention to the flavor of rice, try to design packaging coordinated by needs of consumers and take action to better distribution of branded rice in the city.
A. Dadras Moghadam; M. Ghorbani; A. Karbasi; M.R. Kohansal
Abstract
Introduction: Product line design is a critical task that may determine a firm's survival. Producers need to constantly evolve in response to market and technology changes. As a result, the determining optimal diversity has attracted considerable attention in the marketing literature. So, all optimization ...
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Introduction: Product line design is a critical task that may determine a firm's survival. Producers need to constantly evolve in response to market and technology changes. As a result, the determining optimal diversity has attracted considerable attention in the marketing literature. So, all optimization approaches that have been applied to the optimal product line design problem aim at finding a better approximation of the global optimal solution that this paper solved the optimal diversity problem for brands with the use of a new population-based optimization algorithm called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). PSO is a nature-inspired intelligence technique, which has displayed high performance in providing a wide variety of good near-optimal solutions in optimization problems of high complexity.
Materials and Methods: In this article, diversity and prices of selected brands on the market Mashhad cheese product using Noshad project data and Pegah Milk Industry (including 435 Grocery Store) using seemingly unrelated regression model and particle swarm optimization algorithm were reviewed and analyzed and optimized in 2014. The objective function is the sum of market shares (Kalleh, Pegah and Sabah). Constrain is share total of available brands in the market which is equal to one. The parameters used in this study, with population size 50 and individual and social learning rate is 2
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the effect the price on share of Kalleh is positive. In addition, Kalleh brand diversity have been a significant positive impact on share brand of Kalleh but with the Pegah and Sabah brand diversity have been negative relationship (statistically meaningless). The impact Pegah price is negative on the share of Pegah brand so Pegah price has a positive relationship with the price of Kalleh. With rising price of Sabah increase Pegah brand share. And diversity of Kalleh is negative and significant. Diversity of sabah brand is negative and non-significant. The effect of price on share of Pegah brand is negative and non-significant. The coefficient of Sabah brand diversity have been positive and significant relationship with Sabah brand share in the market but Kalleh brand diversity on customers buying of Sabah has a significant and positive impact. The optimum level of diversification cheese brands of Kalleh, Pegah and Sabah respectively, 8, 5 and 3 obtained which it shows that the optimum level of Kalleh cheese brand diversity in the market is more than the other rival brands. The average price of cheese brand product diversity of Kalleh, Pegah and Sabah are 45696, 34626 and 30678 (rials) respectively and it suggests that the Kalleh brand price should be higher than the other competitors. After that, brand price have been Pegah and Sabah. Kalleh brand has maximum diversity, the optimum value diversity in this study still is 8 .Also, Pegah are optimized for these state and the optimum value is obtained 5 for Pegah in the market. In other words, the number required Kalleh and Pegah cheese brand is optimized in the market. The maximum of Sabah diversity is 4 which the optimal level of Sabah diversity should be reduced to 3. In the summery, results showed that the optimum level particle swarm optimization algorithm of cheese product diversity of Kalleh brand in the market is more than other rival brands. As well as, 1 type of cheese products Sabah brand should be removed in the market and Kalleh and Pegah brands are in optimal state from the terms of cheese product diversity.
Conclusion: According to the findings is suggested, Kalleh brand price is more than other competitors brands. The results also showed that grocery stores should have been more than Pegah and kalleh brand diversity to increase profits. Kalleh brand diversity lead to more profitability than other types of brands in the optimized state. One of the main reasons that the Kalleh brand has a special share in this market is its diversity. Optimum profit from their grocery stores showed that the optimal value of kalleh and Pegah diversity is caused to increase profitability in grocery stores. Kalleh cheese price is also more than other competitors because of the quality and products diversity could have been. Brands must be paid attention to the issue of diversity products of Cheese to increase their shares. Cheese product of brands must be investigated to packaging and processing, and other diversity of brands features to increase share and profit in the market.
F. Hayatgheibi; A. Karbasi
Abstract
The present study aimed at understanding interactions and linkages between the sugar sector with other economic sectors, and the influence of sugar import reduction on the economic value added. To achieve the purpose, the Input-Output table of Iran for the year 2006, Leontief inverse matrix and hypothetical ...
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The present study aimed at understanding interactions and linkages between the sugar sector with other economic sectors, and the influence of sugar import reduction on the economic value added. To achieve the purpose, the Input-Output table of Iran for the year 2006, Leontief inverse matrix and hypothetical extraction method were used. Based on the results, sugar industry has the most forward linkages with “Manufacture of food products and beverages,…”, “husbandry, aviculture,…”, “cultivation, horticulture”, “bakery products” and “restaurants”. This sector has also strong backward linkages with “cultivation, horticulture”, “chemicals and chemical products”, “other services”, “transport and telecommunication” and “financial services, insurance and bank”. Furthermore, either one unit increase in the final demand of sugar or one unit decrease in the sugar import increases the output of whole economic, agricultural and fishing, industry and mining, and services sectors by 2.3060, 0.6019, 1.4331, and 0.2710 unit, respectively. The increasing coefficients of the value added for the above sectors are 0.4308, 0.3700, and 0.1992 unit, respectively.
A. Karbasi; H. Aghasafari; S.M. Hossieni
Abstract
The study investigates factors that affect members' satisfaction of Mashhad cattle husbandry cooperatives. The required data and information were collected via interviews and questionnaires from cattlemen. Cattlemen of Mashhad constitute the statistical population of the study. Using Cochran formula, ...
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The study investigates factors that affect members' satisfaction of Mashhad cattle husbandry cooperatives. The required data and information were collected via interviews and questionnaires from cattlemen. Cattlemen of Mashhad constitute the statistical population of the study. Using Cochran formula, 60 Cattlemen were selected randomly as the sample in 2013. SPSS software package was used to analyse a discriminant model.The results show that variables of cooperative education programs, meat purchase from cattlemen and technical services including diets and sperm preparation have significant negative impact on cattlemen's satisfication of a cooperative ‘s performance. In contrast, variables of production and distribution of animal food, fair price for a farmer’s milk, providing consulting services, participation methods for making shared decisions , ease of using facility services, cooperative employees' behavior have a positive impact on the cattlemen ‘s satisfication of an organization’s performance. According to the results, it is suggested that since preparation of some imported animal food is difficult for the cattlemen, cooperative have to assist the cattlemen to produce more in quantity. Furthermore, cooperatives have to consider the pace of services.
M. Zarif; M. Salarpour; A. Karbasi
Abstract
AbstractThis study uses gravity model to examine the most important determinants of was agricultural trade. To This aim, import and export statistics of Iran agricultural products for the period 1380 to 1387 was provided from Iran customs organization and other information was obtained from different ...
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AbstractThis study uses gravity model to examine the most important determinants of was agricultural trade. To This aim, import and export statistics of Iran agricultural products for the period 1380 to 1387 was provided from Iran customs organization and other information was obtained from different internet bases. Random effects estimating and Hausman test ratio result in fixed effects model, which determined the effects of dependent variables over independent ones. First, the effect of independent variables such as GDP, per capita income, Linder effect, geographic distance, exchange rates, exchange rate uncertainty and dummy variable of border was determined on each import and export of agricultural sector. Then dummy variables related to the regional integrations of Organization of Islamic Conference and the ECO were also applied in model. The results showed that the GDP of commercial Partner has positive effect on export and import of agricultural trade but it is smaller for OIC members. Linder effect, geographical distance and exchange rate uncertainty have negative effects on both export and import of Iran agricultural products. Per capita income had a negative effect on export, while it had a huge positive effect on import. real exchange rate had positive but very small effect on import and negative effect on export of Iran agricultural sector. The results showed that cooperating with the OIC members lead to an increase in import and export of Iran agricultural products and it would reduce negative effects of exchange rate uncertainty. Because of the opposite relation between geographical distance and export or import is suggested reinforcement of international transporting infrastructures. In addition Islamic countries Which have shorter geographical distance from Iran have high commercial potential and the necessity for concluding local contracts with them is clearly understood.
A. Karbasi; M. Kateb
Abstract
Abstract In this research by using a synchronous equivalents system, the functions of supply and demand of any kind of meat and corn in Fars province, Iran are considered. The purpose of this study is to predict the functions of supply and the price of meat and corn, recognition and analysis of effective ...
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Abstract In this research by using a synchronous equivalents system, the functions of supply and demand of any kind of meat and corn in Fars province, Iran are considered. The purpose of this study is to predict the functions of supply and the price of meat and corn, recognition and analysis of effective issued on supply and price of this sections, considering the effect of shocks and the cross sectional relationships using the impulse response function. To study and analysis of effect of shocks, the VAR model is used by analysis of impulse response function. To predict all the intra-relations of endogenous variables all the equations are solved synchronously. Ultimately, the static coefficients show the effect of shocks of the market on market of meat and corn. The results show that the two sections of agriculture and husbandry dramatically affect the agriculture. So that, the shocks in market of meat affects supply and price of corn more than the shocks in market of corn and price of meat.
H. Khaksar Astane; A. Karbasi
Abstract
AbstractAgricultural research and promotion are factors of the same system that activity in different organizations framework and have common marginal goal. Therefore, The Joining between research and promotion is important. Both activities are very important, therefore the investment in one part should ...
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AbstractAgricultural research and promotion are factors of the same system that activity in different organizations framework and have common marginal goal. Therefore, The Joining between research and promotion is important. Both activities are very important, therefore the investment in one part should not have had effect in other part. Therefore, total Goal of this study, is consideration of Substitution or supplementary relation between investment in agricultural research and promotion. Therefore, The Productivity model was used; also, Total Factor Productivity was calculated with Tornquist – Theil indicator. Data was collective from different sources, during 1979-2004. The Results was shown one percent increasing in agricultural research investment, increases total factor productivity 0.080974 percent. Also 1 percent increase in promotion investment; increases total factor productivity 0.038398 percent. The variable of interaction between research and promotion has had significant with negative mark. To become negative this variable shows the both of these variable effect with total factor productivity and these are substitution, the reason is lack of research and promotion budgets in agricultural section.
A. Karbasi; T. Kanani; M. Khayyati
Abstract
AbstractAgricultural protection has been pursuant and contentious for many years and the problem that has been favored for many researchers in three decades recent, is the relationship between researchers and farmers in production process. This study was about the investigation of effective factors on ...
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AbstractAgricultural protection has been pursuant and contentious for many years and the problem that has been favored for many researchers in three decades recent, is the relationship between researchers and farmers in production process. This study was about the investigation of effective factors on farmers Participation with Wheat Supervisors in Zabol Township. For this purpose, by using of fuzzy linear regression model, the effect of several factors consist of 10 indexes with the symmetric triangular and nonsymmetric triangular fuzzy numbers were investigated. The data were collected by completing farmer’s questionnaires in 2008. The study tool’s validity and reliability was evaluated by factor analysis method. The estimated coefficients showed that, awareness index, advancement motivation, modernism, job satisfaction and supervisor characteristics didn't have effect on participation in both symmetric and nonsymmetric cases and the farmer's expectation indexes, economic incentives, confidence, scientism, and fatalism were estimated in very low level. Therefore, according to results, it proposed to performance actions by related organizations such as promote experience level and supervisors skills, to become ready on time on basis on farmers needs, visiting by expert with supervisors on farms, making facilities for availability to science resource for problems cultivation, using experiences farmers, making different motivations on farmers and creating sample farms for seeing changes by supervisors.
A. Karbasi; F. Rastegaripour
Abstract
AbstractIn this study the comparative advantage of wheat in Sistan was investigated by using DRC index and policy analysis matrix (PAM) during 2006-2007. Data were collected from Zabol Agri-Jahad organization and annual foreign trade database. The NPC index showed that there was an indirect tax on producers ...
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AbstractIn this study the comparative advantage of wheat in Sistan was investigated by using DRC index and policy analysis matrix (PAM) during 2006-2007. Data were collected from Zabol Agri-Jahad organization and annual foreign trade database. The NPC index showed that there was an indirect tax on producers in all sectors. EPC index represented that there were nonsupport of input and output market in the center sector, but showed effectiveness of government intervention in Miankangi and Poshtab sectors. The NSP index were negative in all sectors. Result supports this idea that Sistan has not comparative advantage in wheat production. But increase in yield, decrease in production cost and improve in cropping pattern are approaches for usefulness of wheat production in Sistan region.
A. Karbasi; H. Asnashari; .A Aghel
Abstract
AbstractAgricultural sector is the most important sectors in the country which has a large share in total employment. The increasing supply of labor because population growth and low capacity of production cause the country with high rate of unemployment. Therefore, stand with this crisis is one of the ...
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AbstractAgricultural sector is the most important sectors in the country which has a large share in total employment. The increasing supply of labor because population growth and low capacity of production cause the country with high rate of unemployment. Therefore, stand with this crisis is one of the most important works of government. In this study using Artificial Neural Network, the employment is forecasted by 1958-2004 data for 14 years later and results show that the trend of employment in agricultural sector in later years first is diminished and then increased.